Questions tagged [correlation]
A measure of the degree of linear association between a pair of random variables.
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Why didn't LMT stock spike and NOC dip in 1990 due to the F-22 raptor competition?
Disclaimer, I am a newbie at finance!
I have been tracking the NOC and LMT stock prices and I have a few questions.
Both companies seem to be moving together in terms of stock prices. I would expect ...
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Portfolio Credit Risk
I need a portfolio credit risk model that takes into account the correlation between sectors. Models such as KMV, CreditRisk+ and CreditMetrics may be to computational expensive so I need some ...
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Correlation between a stock and the index without the stock
The weight of stock i in index m is w.
The returns are, respectively, r(i) and r(m).
I know the volatility s(i) of i, the volatility s(m) of m and the correlation rho(i, m) between i and m.
The index ...
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How do I measure the "dispersions" of a group of stock returns
I have $n$ stock return time series $X_1, X_2, ... X_n$. I want to measure how much they have "dispersed" over time. i.e. are they moving "more together" in 2023, comparing to 2022....
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Impact of correlation on greeks of a multi-underlying autocallable product
Please could someone explain how the greeks (especially the delta) of a multi-underlying autocallable product (i.e. an autocall on a basket) change when the correlation of the underlyings fluctuates?
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Stochastic process for modelling correlation?
This question relates to Financial Machine Learning, and more specifically to competitions like Numerai.
In this competition we have a dataset X and a target y (return over a given horizon). The ...
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Literature and Intro to Dispersion Trading
I am familiar with the basic idea of the dispersion trade i.e. index vol vs constituent vol and implied correlation. I am wondering if there are any standard resources (pdfs, books, presentations) ...
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Simulating correlated Geometric Brownian Motion with lag
I know that it is possible to simulate two correlated GBM in e.g. Matlab (Generating Correlated Asset Paths in MATLAB) based on cholesky decomposition. However, they take as input the correlation ...
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How to design a strategy whose PnL is proportion to correlation?
I'm reading about this correlation breakout strategy, whose pnl is proportional to
$$E[PnL] \sim (\rho_{1D} - \rho_{2D})\sigma_1 \sigma_2$$
where $\rho_{1D}$ is the correlation of daily returns, and $\...
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Is "Information Coefficient" correlation or rank correlation?
From the textbook, information coefficient (IC) is a measure of the depth of an active manager’s skill. On a more formal basis, IC measures the “correlation” between actual returns and those predicted ...
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How to annualize the correlation matrix?
If asset returns are daily, and the asset return covariance matrix, $\Sigma$, is annualized by $\Sigma \times 252$, do I also multiply the correlation matrix by 252 to annualize it?
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Covariance Matrix of Correlated Random Variable
Suppose I know or have estimated the covariance matrix for one random variable (for example an asset) and have:
$$
\begin{bmatrix}
<\text{spot, spot}> & <\text{atmv, spot}> \\
<\...
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Discuss how you would allocate your budget between the two assets if their correlation is 1, 0, or -1
An asset A is expected to yield a $2\%$ return with a standard deviation of $1\%$, and another asset B is expected to yield a $1\%$ return with a standard deviation of $1\%$.
Discuss how you would ...
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Analytic Hull White model with correlated stochastic processes
I am trying to price a path dependent option which uses two underlyings (a stock index and an interest rate index). I am using Hull White model for interest rate modelling and local vol for stock ...
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Calculation of break-even correlation for diversification effect in N-assets case?
I'm thinking about a generalization of the following case: for 2 assets, there is a diversification effect as soon as i obtain a positive weight for the minimum-variance portfolio in the asset with ...
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Rank Correlation Based Prediction
Are there any methods of prediction (machine learning, regression, etc.) which are designed to maximize the rank correlation (spearman correlation, kendall's tau, etc.) of your prediction with your ...
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A term to compare 2 stocks based on simultaneous trending and ranging characteristics
There a 2 stocks called A and B. We take a look at the daily chart of both stocks over the last 1 year. On 90% of the days A and B both trended or at least one of A or B trended. On 10% of days both ...
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Correlation risk between protection (seller) and reference entity
I am learning about central clearing.
In my understanding, CDS are usually cleared via central clearing.
But at the same time I heard that in case of too much correlation such as US bank selling ...
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LMM (Libor market Model) Correlation Calibration
I use a LMM model from a well known vendor, using a SOFR swap curve and SOFR swaptions. The calibration set include many/all of the ATM swaptions from 1m-1y to 30y-30y and I get a very good fit for ...
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How can this problem be defined formally?
Let's consider a straightforward example in which I possess a portfolio consisting of two stocks:
$
R(t) = S_{1}(t) \cdot x_1 + S_{2}(t) \cdot x_2,
$
Here, $t$ represents the time index, $R(t)$ ...
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Correlation between CDS return relevance
I see that there is much literature that uses the correlation notion in the equity returns to construct a graph or look into how they are related to one another. If we want to extend this to Credit ...
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Monte-Carlo method for multi-asset pricing
As I was working on this paper https://hal.science/hal-00319947/document by Emmanuel Gobet, I came across this paragraph that says to price a barrier option on (for example) two correlated assets, you ...
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How do your solve for trader's optimal demand in market similar to Kyle's model?
Suppose that $(\Omega,\mathcal{F},\mathbb{P})$ is a standard probability space and $Z_t=(Z_t^1,Z_t^2)$ is a two dimensional Brownian motion with the filtration $\mathcal{F}^Z_{t}$ and $Z_t^1$, $Z_t^2$ ...
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How to hedge a dual digital option
Let us assume we have two FX rates: $ 1 EUR = S_t^{(1)} USD$ and $ 1 GBP=S_t^{(2)} USD $. Let $K_1>0, K_2>0$ be strictly positive values and a payoff at some time $ T>0 $ (called maturity) ...
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comparing volatility and correlation over time
I'm trying to figure out if some emerging markets change over time.
First of all I am going to check for changes in volatility. What would be a good method to do this. And do you suggest comparing ...
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Maximum likelihood estimation of system of correlated SDEs
I have the following system of SDEs (which you can think of as 3 different stocks)
$$dX_t^1 = \mu_t X_t^1 dt + \sigma_t X_t^1 dW_t^1$$
$$dX_t^2 = \mu_2 dt + \sigma_2 dW_t^2$$
$$dX_t^3 = \mu_3 dt + \...
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Cega - Correlation Delta from multi-asset derivative
I want to calculate the Cega, i.e. correlation delta, for a multi-asset derivative numerically (the difference of the price from a tiny move in correlation).
However, I found it is difficult to follow ...
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What's the right autocorrelation formula?
I'm trying to see the influence of autocorrelation in my processes and to do so I have to compute it, however it seems to be hard to find a coherent formula over the web. I found pretty much two ...
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If returns are correlated, are Sharpe ratios correlated?
Suppose we have two correlated return series:
$$a \sim N(\mu_a,\sigma_a^2)$$
$$b \sim N(\mu_b,\sigma_b^2)$$
$$correl(a,b)=\rho$$
The sample Sharpe ratios of the two series, after $t$ samples for $t \...
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Why is credit exposure higher for a smaller probability of default than for a larger default?
I'm having trouble grasping this concept; I don't see the relevance of the explanation given in the text (Gregory, Counterparty Credit Risk and CVA) either.
When expected exposure and probability of ...
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Wrong way risk exotic option
I've priced an exotic option with Monte Carlo method under the Heston model. Then I want to estimate Wrong way risk.
In a paper I've found this method to calculate WWR: WWR can be modeled by means of ...
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Change of measure for BGM (LMM) Model
I've been checking the demos for BGM (LFM) forward rate model.
Here's a short reminder to help you follow:
Now, take the following
$$\frac{dL_j(t)}{L_j(t)} = \sigma_j. dW^j(t) = \mu_{ij} dt + \...
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RiskMetrics Half-Life and Decay Factor Settings
I have been reading about the RiskMetrics methodology. I read that RiskMetrics recommend a lambda of 0.94 for daily data and 0.97 for monthly data. I would like to convert these numbers to half-lives. ...
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correlation of 1/X [closed]
My question is the following.
If the correlation between the log-returns of X and Y is rho, what would be the correlation between the log returns of 1/X and Y ?
Thanks for your answers.
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Pairs Trading: Normalized price series (co-integrated and correlated) always end up diverging
Need some expert advice and suggestions:
I am trying out pairs trading or statistical arbitrage (as traders say). But even if two price series are co-integrated (ADF test, Hurst exponent, Ornstein–...
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hedging out of cross-ccy vol risk using direct ccy options [closed]
Lets suppose a G10 FX vol market-maker starts out with a flat book. During the day, the market-maker bought a EURUSD 1 week ATM straddle from one client while sold USDJPY 1 week ATM straddle from ...
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Alternative To Granger Causality?
Are there any other mathematical tests besides Granger that quants use to determine casual relations between two time series? If so what are they? How about convergent cross mapping?
Thanks
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Mean-variance framework with endogenous correlations
In most mean-variance frameworks I have seen, once we clear markets in the model, it determines asset prices (and returns). However, all of these frameworks assume that the correlation matrix of the ...
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CFD broker spread as indicator for stock market
Retail trader on stock market has very limited ability to accomodate huge amount of information, it leds me to idea of using behavioir of more informed players - CFD brokers - spread of their CFD ...
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Autocall- equity/funding correlation
Could someone explain how the price of an autocall changes with equity/funding correlation, please?
I have sometimes heard that the trader who sells an autocall is long equity/funding correlation but ...
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Correlation with Differ Units of Measurement [closed]
I was wondering how to accurately get the correlation between a variable of percent change return and a variable of dollar change or basis points. Should I standardize both variables or will that lose ...
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Cholesky decomposition reduces volatility of simulated Wiener Process / Brownian Motions
I am trying to simulate $n$ correlated geometric brownian motions (GBM) given a specified correlation matrix $\Sigma$ by following this procedure which uses Cholesky decomposition.
However, when I ...
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Techniques for proxying time series / stock prices
What are some good techniques for proxying time series?
My purpose is for risk management / modelling and I would like proxy to missing series.
Given that I also have to account for volatility, ...
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Local volatility implied spot vol correlation
I have a question about local volatility models.
In a lot of articles it is stated that the implied spot vol correlation of this model is -1 and we usually compare this with stochastic volatility ...
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How to optimize two highly correlated risky assets?
Suppose you have two highly correlated risky assets.
Correlation coefficient: 0.9
Volatility:
Asset 1 price varies 2.5% /day
Asset 2 price varies 5% / day
What can be done to do reduce the risk and ...
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Simulating Correlation (but sample correlation is always too low)
I am trying to simulate correlation in order to price a correlation swap (via Monte-Carlo). For simplicity, let's assume we have 2 assets, and everything is correlated with $\rho$, and there is no ...
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Correlation of a lognormal asset and a normal asset
So if i want to calcualte the correlation between a pair of assets, my intuition is that i should calculate whatever correlation i plan on using;
When we look at correlation, it's normally the ...
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Correlation between fundamental and market data
I got hold of a data set which contains fundamental data like analyst recommendations/revisions (consensus only) and I am trying to come up with an idea of how this could be used as a trading signal ...
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Interpreting the average correlation figure in Pozzi et al. (2013) paper
Has anyone read the paper "Spread of risk across financial markets:better to invest in the peripheries" by F. Pozzi, T. Di Matteo & T. Aste? If so, how do you interpret equation (1) in ...
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Correlation Size
If I want to make an argument that two stocks are reasonably correlated:
Q1. What is the most credible source (most cited) of correlation size for stock return pairs? What is a reasonable small, ...