Questions tagged [numeraire]

Numeraire is a unit of account in which all other assets in a given model are denominated. Most importantly, one can borrow and lend at the Numeraire rate.

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Computing Derivative Security with Change of Numeraire

Under Black-Scholes, price a contract worth $S_T^{2}log(S_T)$ at expiration. This is a question from Joshi's Quant Book (an extension question). Ok, so I solved this with 3 different methods to make ...
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Change of numeraire : quotient

Let's consider $X_1(t)$ a geometric brownian motion (with variable volatility) and $X_2(t)$ a Brownian bridge : $dX_1(t) = \mu X_1(t) dt + \sigma_1(t) X_1(t) dW(t)$ $dX_2(t) = \frac{b - X_2(t)}{T - t} ...
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Change of measure when the underlying dynamic is Ornstein-Uhlenbeck

Let the $r$ riskless rate to be constant. Let's consider the following underlying dynamic under the $\mathbf{P}$ “physical measure” $$dS_{t}=\mu_{t}S_{t}dt+\sigma_{t}S_{t}dW_{t}^{\mathbf{P}},$$ where $...
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Monte Carlo methods: Choosing the best measure

When pricing derivatives using Monte Carlo methods, we take outset in the risk neutral pricing formula which states that we need to calculate the expected value of the discounted cashflows. To do this,...
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Is homogeneity preserved under change of measure?

In a paper, Joshi proves that the call (or put) price function is homogeneous of degree 1 if the density of the terminal stock price is a function of $S_T/S_t$. In the paper I think Joshi is silently ...
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Money account discounted libor rate is it a martingale under risk neutral measure?

I see that Libor $L(t,S,T)$ is a martingale under $T-$forward measure. Where we used argument that zero-coupon bonds are martingales under $T$-forward measure, as zero-coupon bond is a traded security....
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Why fitting $\mathbb{Q}$ vs $\mathbb{P}$ measure Heston model if both fit to market

If both models fit their closed form formulas to market prices, why should I prefer a more complex model? ($\mathbb{Q}$ version has one extra parameter $\lambda$) Do valuation with dynamics work ...
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Why is the market price of risk a non-entity according to Bergomi?

I am reading Bergomi's book Stochastic Volatility Modelling. In the chapter 6 dedicated to the Heston model, page 202, he describes the traditional approach to first generation stochastic volatility ...
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University problem about Bond option [closed]

Good morning, Next week I'll have Derivates Final test and I've a doubt about Bond Option. If I have one ZCB, price 90 with 3 month maturity and strike 100, and I want a minimum yield of 2%, what type ...
Ivan Rivera's user avatar
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How is an exchange rate process a martingale under any measure?

Suppose a process for a stock price of a US-based company traded in the USA is, under the USD money-market numeraire: $$dS_t=S_tr_{USD}dt+S_t\sigma_SdW_1(t)$$ Using fundamental theorem of asset ...
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question regarding relation between expectations on different measures

I am a beginner to the theory of stochastic calculus and measure change. I have derived an equation related to expectations on different measures. I wanted some expert opinion on whether this is true ...
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Where does the term $\gamma$ come from when moving from measure $\mathbb Q^{N}$ to $\mathbb Q^{M}$?

Consider two measures $\mathbb Q^{M}$ and $\mathbb Q^{N}$, as well as the two numéraires $M$ and $N$, furthermore assume that $X\frac{N}{M}$ is a $\mathbb Q^{M}$-martingale. Furthermore, the ...
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Why does the diffusion term remain the same when we change pricing measure?

Consider some Itô process $dS(t)=\mu(t)dt+\sigma(t)dW^{\mathbb P}_{t}$ under the measure $\mathbb P$, where $W^{\mathbb P}$ is a $\mathbb P$-Brownian motion In plenty of interest rate examples, I have ...
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If any zero coupon bond $P(T)$ can be chosen as a numéraire, then why can the rolling bond for any time discretization be chosen as numéraire

Let us consider some finite time horizon $[0,T]$, and we assume that $P(t)$, the zero coupon bond maturing in $t$ for any $t\in [0,T]$ can be chosen as a numéraire, i.e. such that the numéraire-...
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The Radon-Nikodym derivative for a sequence of dependent variables

Suppose that a probability space $(\Omega, \Sigma, \mathbb{P})$ is given. Let $W=\{W_n\}_{n\in \mathbb{N}_0}$ be a sequence of $\mathbb{P}$-i.i.d real-valued random variables on $\Omega$. Furthermore, ...
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Floating swap payoff with rate determined on current instead of previous date

I am attempting to determine the payoffs a modified swap, in which the floating payments at a time $T_k$ are made on the current date (i.e. $L(T_k,T_{k+1})\equiv L_{k+1}(T_k)$) rather than at the ...
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Are Stochastic Differential Equation diffusion terms always invariant under a change of measure?

I'm struggling with learning change of numeraire, and stochastic differential equations. I'm reading the beginning of Brigo and Mercurio's Interest Rate Models- Theory and Practice, and I'm on the ...
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Change of Numeraire technique (Cross-currency models)

Hey I have problem with understanding change of numeraire technique. For example we have $dr^d(t)=\kappa_1(\theta_1(t)-r^d(t))dt+\sigma_1 dW_1$ (under measure $Q^1$ associated with domestic bank ...
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Pricing of LIBOR based CF settled after the LIBOR fixing by switching from risk-neutral to forward-neutral measures

When deriving the LIBOR-based swap rate formula in any interest rate model, expressions of the following types appear naturally: Literature tells us that, switching to the – forward neutral measure, ...
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How to use Girsanov theorem for complicated RN derivatives?

Let $W_t$ be a Brownian motion under probability measure $\mathbb{P}$. Let $X_t$ be defined as follows. $$\mathrm{d}X_t = a \mathrm{d}t + 2\sqrt{ X_t} \mathrm{d}W_t.$$ Also define: $$L_t = \exp\left(-\...
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RFR boostrapping using RFR OIS: Is convexity adjustment technically necessary?

For single-curve RFR bootstrapping, such as a SOFR-based discounting curve bootstrapped strictly using SOFR fixed-float OIS, I am trying to understand if convexity adjustments are technically ...
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Is first order stochastic dominance conserved under change of measure?

As the title states, my question is whether first order stochastic dominance is conserved under change of measure, for instance from the $\mathbb{P}$ measure to $\mathbb{Q}$ measure and change of ...
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Why does adding a negative risk premium to the short rate avoid the occurrence of inverse yield curves?

I am reading about the Vasicek One Factor short rate model and how to implement a change in measure from a risk-neutral to real-world measure, when I came across this comment: Adding a negative risk ...
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Change of numeraire to the forward measure in the Vasicek model

I am working through the Brigo/Mercurio book on Interest Rate Models (Second Edition) and I am having some trouble with the change of numeraire in chapter 3.2.1, page 59 to be exact, formula 3.9. It ...
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Forward starting zero-coupon bonds

We trivially have that: $$\frac{Z(t_0,t_1)}{Z(t_0,t_2)}=1+\tau L(t_0,t_1,t_2)$$ Where $L(t_0,t_1,t_2)$ is the forward Libor between $t_1$ and $t_2$, as of $t_0$. Simply inverting this relationship ...
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If there is a $T$-forward measure and a risk neutral measure, then markets are not complete?

I am trying to understand the connection between market completeness and risk neutral measures. A market is complete if and only if the equivalent martingale measure is unique. But if I change to the $...
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Stock price under Bond numeraire

The Radon-Nikodym derivative going from the bank-acount Numeraire $N(t)$ to the bond numeraire $P(t,T)$ is: $$\frac{dP}{dN}(T|\mathcal{F}_t)=\frac{1}{N(T)P(t,T)}$$ Suppose I now want to price an ...
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Caplet "in arrears" pricing formula

The forward Libor rate $L(t,t_1,t_2)$, with $0 \leq t \leq t_1$, must be a martingale under the T-forward measure associated with the zero coupon bond $P(t,t_2)$ that matures at time $t_2$. Pricing a ...
Jan Stuller's user avatar
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9 votes
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Change of numéraire for two risky assets without bank account (Margrabe’s formula?)

I am considering two risky assets following the usual correlated GBM given by $$\frac{\mathrm{d}S^{(i)}_t}{S^{(i)}_t}=\mu_i\mathrm{d}t+\sigma_i\mathrm{d}W^{(i)}_t,\quad i\in\{1,2\}$$ with $$\mathrm{d}...
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Pricing an Option with payoff $\left(1-\frac{K}{S_t}\right)^{+}$

Let $S_t=S_0 \exp\left\{rt+0.5\sigma^2t+\sigma W_t\right\}$ be the usual GBM model for a Stock price under the money-market numeraire. Suppose we want to price an option with payoff at maturity: $C_T=(...
Jan Stuller's user avatar
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Change of numeraire between t1-forward mesure and t2-forward mesure

Let denote $\mathbb{Q}_{t_1}$ the $t_1$-forward mesure associated to zero coupon bond $B(.,t_1)$. Let denote $\mathbb{Q}_{t_2}$ the $t_2$-forward mesure associated to zero coupon bond $B(.,t_2)$. I am ...
DeepInTheQF's user avatar
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We have a two LIBOR contracts, how to compare their values by change of change of numeraire

We have two LIBOR contracts: contract 1 pays $L\left(T_{1},\:T_{2}\right)-K$ at time $T_{1}$ contract 2 pays $L\left(T_{1},\:T_{2}\right)-K$ at time $T_{2}$. Now, $F_{1}$ is the par strike such that ...
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Power Options & Forwards on Stock Squared

Short story: the process for Stock price squared is not a martingale when discounted by the money-market numeraire under the risk-neutral measure. How can we then compute derivative prices on $S_t^2$ ...
Jan Stuller's user avatar
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5 votes
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On Girsanov Theorem to switch from Risk-Neutral to Stock Numeraire

Summary: long-story cut short, the question is asking for what types of functions $f(.)$, the Cameron-Martin-Girsanov theorem can be used as follows: $$ \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^2}[f(W_t)]=\mathbb{E}^{\...
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2 votes
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Change of Numeraire formula

The general change of Numeraire formula gives the following Radon-Nikodym derivative: $$ \frac{dN_2}{dN_1}(t)|\mathcal{F}_{t_0}=\frac{N_1(t_0)N_2(t)}{N_1(t)N_2(t_0)} $$ I am able to derive this Radon-...
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11 votes
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Numeraire correlated to the traded asset

The Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing states that: \begin{align*} \frac{X_0}{N_0} &= \mathbb{E}^N{ \left[ \frac{X(t)}{N(t)}|\mathcal{F}_0 \right] } \end{align*} The usual conditions apply (both ...
Jan Stuller's user avatar
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8 votes
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How do we determine the "correct measure"?

Frequently I come across the statement that the "correct measure" for a product is this-or-that measure. For example, Eurodollar Futures or Stock returns - Risk neutral measure Libor forward rate - T-...
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Intuition for consistent Derivative Prices under different Numeraires and Measures

This is essentially the Fundamental Theorem, however I am not asking for a thorough proof, I am more interested in the general intuition. In words, it makes sense that whatever your unit of account (...
Jan Stuller's user avatar
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4 answers
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Intuition for Stock Price Numeraire Drift

I would like to ask whether there is an intuition for the drift of price processes under the Stock numeraire. I find it intuitive that the martingale measure under the Money Market numeraire induces ...
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6 votes
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Why is the numeraire in the LGM model tradeable?

I'm trying to understand the LGM model, which Hagan defines as follows. The state variable $X$ evolves according to $$dX(t) = \alpha(t) dW^N(t)$$ wrt the numeraire $$N(t) = \frac{1}{P(0,t)} e^{H(t)X(...
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Change of measure for BGM (LMM) Model

I've been checking the demos for BGM (LFM) forward rate model. Here's a short reminder to help you follow: Now, take the following $$\frac{dL_j(t)}{L_j(t)} = \sigma_j. dW^j(t) = \mu_{ij} dt + \...
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Why can only non-dividend paying assets serve as numeraire?

In Kerry Back, A Course in Derivative Securities, Sect. 1.4 (page 29), the author stated the FTAP in the following form (in boldface): If there are no arbitrage opportunities, then for each (non-...
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Is there a relationship between Risk Neutral Pricing framework and Nash Equilibria?

Based on the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing, the risk neutral price of a contingent claim on an asset in a liquid, arbitrage free market can be determined by switching to an equivalent $Q-$ ...
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Bond SDE under its own forward measure

I am trying to write the SDE for a forward bond, $dP(t,T_1,T_2)$, under the $T_1$-Forward measure, $Q_{T_1}$. I can easily do this by: Writing the equation of $dP(t,T_1)$ and $dP(t,T_2)$ under the ...
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Does numeraire have to be a tradable asset

I thought we create replicating portfolios using underlying and the numeraire i.e. the numeraire has to be a tradable asset (assuming simple binomial model). But I have seen some examples which ...
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Using a Constant as a Numeraire

Please provide steps to justify the below. 1) Can we use a constant as a numeraire? Related Question: Scaling Stock Price and Strike etc. by a Constant The rest of standard Geometric Brownian ...
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Change of numeraire and reference asset

Learning about change of numeraire, and came across this statement: The price of any asset divided by a reference asset (called numeraire) is a martingale (no drift) under the measure associated ...
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Value of an option to exchange an asset for another

I'm working out the examples in the paper "Changes of Numeraire, Changes of Probability Measure and Option Pricing", corollary 3. An option of exchanging asset 2 against asset 1 at time T, its time-0 ...
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Bayes' rule for conditional expectations (Proof review)

The Baye's rule for conditional expectations states $$ E^Q[X|\mathcal{F}]E^P[f|\mathcal{F}]=E^P[Xf|\mathcal{F}] $$ With $f=dQ/dP$ - thus being the Radon-Nikodyn derivative and $X$ being ...
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