# All Questions

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### Thesis using Momentum strategies in R, tips on good books, guidelines etc on how to do the programming?

I am quite new to R and will be doing an empirical analysis of momentum strategies in R using a dataset from the index OSEAX from 1980 to 2014. The momentum strategy will for the most part resemble ...
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### Portfolio Strategies Project

My first assignment for my Quantitative Finance Masters is to design a portfolio that theoretically makes money under any market movement. I am also asked to state all necessary assumptions. What ...
102 views

### Best simplified way to model volatility in returns of an investment in a risky fixed income asset

I am currently working on a project where I have analyzed a certain category of fixd income instruments, and I now have the gross aggregate yield as well as the theoretical gross-aggregate ...
2k views

### Is node.js being used in systematic trading software?

I have a project where I would like to track some tick data and create some indicators to follow it. I am thinking of using Node.js for this project, but I would like to know from those in industry if ...
9 views

### How to find optimal noise covariance matrices Q & R

I am trying to use the discrete Kalman filter for forecasting and I wonder what is commonly considered as the optimal way of determining the measurement noise covariance constants (Q and R) for a ...
17 views

### does there need to be risk-neutral agents in the market to enforce risk-neutral pricing?

I'm trying to understand a fundamental link between mathematical finance and economics. I understand that risk-neutral pricing is free of arbitrage with replicating portfolio. Does risk-neutral ...
198 views

### How google finance calculates beta of a stock

How google finance calculates beta of a stock - What is the proxy for the market? - What is the time period it uses for regression?
58 views

### Risk budgeting for Non linear Portfolios

I am using this question to compute optimal weights following a risk budgeting approach. The problem is I am using non-linear portfolios (options,equity,fixed income,fx). What I am looking for is ...
9 views

### Approximate asian geometric option with Heston

I am trying to implement Theorem 1 from this Journal in RStudio. The journal says the it is possible to find a approximate price of a geometric asian option in a Heston setup this way: ...
77 views

### Calibration Merton Jump-Diffusion

Consider the following SDE $dV_t = rV_tdt +\sigma V_t dW_t + dJ_t$ where $J_t$ is a Compound poisson process with log-Normal jump size $Y_i$. How am I supposed to calibrate this model to CDS ...
11 views

### Are limit orders mostly being matched by market orders?

When going over order book data, most limit-order executions look similar to the following: ...
215 views

### Models crumbling down due to negative (nominal) interest rates

Dear Stackexchange users, given that the negative interest rates on a lot of sovereign bonds with maturity under 10 years are trading in the negative (nominal) interest rate territory (recently also ...
47 views

### Feynman Kac Formula for path-dependent options

Consier geometric Brownian motion: $dS_t/S_t=\mu dt+\sigma dW_t$ Feynman Kac theorem tells us that the conditional expectation $v(t,x)=E[ e^{-rT}\Psi(S_T) | S_t=x]$ can be computed by solving the ...
47 views

### Delta hedging cost of exotic options?

I'm simulating dynamic delta hedging for up-and-out call option. For plain vanilla call options, I heard that the option price is the expected value of the accumulated delta hedging cost. Does it also ...
267 views

### Question on Barrier Option and Skew

If you bought an Equity Call Option with a Down-and-In Barrier, are you Long Skew or Short Skew? Please provide explanation as well. Thanks.
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### Estimating Credit VaR using a simulation of joint defaults with a copula

I'm trying to follow the steps Malz gives to calculate Credit VaR using simulation of joint defaults with a copula. I'm having trouble understanding some of the steps. My math knowledge is rather ...
62 views

### VIX Calculation - weighting of strikes

The formula for calculating the VIX from SPX options is given on page 4 of this document: https://www.cboe.com/micro/vix/vixwhite.pdf My question is, why is the option price at each strike weighted ...
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### Unexplained delimiters in Nasdaq ITCH file

I'm working on writing an order book constructor for Nasdaq ITCH v5 files, and I'm noticing some occasional message identifies/ delimiters that are not included in the ITCH5 specification, ...
18 views

### Calculating unweighted performance of stocks within a period

The well known calculation of unweighted index of stocks is just calculating an arithmetic average. And then, to calculate the performance of the index, I calculate the %change of the unweighted ...
394 views

### Empirical copula

I am trying to find the empirical copula linking two random variables $X$ and $Y$. I have some data available but it's limited with respect to the variable $Y$ and I am not convinced it's enough data ...
25 views

### Futures Parameters for Value at Risk

I am new to risk management. I am calculating the VaR for a portfolio of futures contracts, long and shorts. I calculated it using the historical, parametric, and MC method. But there is something ...
30 views

### Interpretation of vega out of BS formula

I am comparing Monte Carlo estimates of VaR (using importance sampling) under both the normal and student distributions. I am also considering risk factors other than log-prices; in particular, ...
64 views

### Up and Down days in GBPUSD and a Filter

I want to study if the odds of an up or down day in a forex pairs is 50-50. I just count the total number of up and down days in X years and compare it with the total days. The results are very ...
39 views

### How are Quandl monthly S&P500 earnings estimates derived?

Can someone explain how the monthly earnings estimates are derived for S&P500? Quandl sources multpl.com, who state: ...
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### Why can't you arb skew by buying options with low implied vol and selling high implied vol in the same month and dynamically hedging?

there's something I've been trying to understand for a while now and I just can't quite understand with regards to skew. In the same month, why can't you buy a option that have low implied vol on the ...
75 views

### Pricing employee stock options

ESOs are typically priced using the black-scholes model, but with an additional parameter for for the employee turnover rates . An example ...
13 views

### Expectation Hypothesis: forward variance

I am trying to understand the Expectation Hypothesis from Campa and Chang (1995). In the paper of Byoun et al. they use this formula to estimate the forecast biasness of options.  V_{1,k} - V_{0,k} ...
319 views

### VaR mapping - Forward Foreign Currency Contract

I have a question about VaR mapping for FX forwards. Please bear with me while I outline the problem. Philippe Jorion's book discusses VaR mapping; a means to break down complex instruments into ...
198 views

### HFT to blame for Flash Crashes?

Some people 1, 2, 3 claim that High Frequency Trading is partly to blame for the extreme volatilities in the markets yesterday (24. August 2015). Is that true? Is the amount HFTs move even enough ...
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### What equal installment of annual payment will discharge a debt which is due as Rs. 848 at the end of 4 years at 4% per annum simple interest? [on hold]

The above question can be calculated by using the formula x=100P/(100n+n(n−1)r/2), which gives the result = 200. My doubt is that 200*4 gives 800. So when the balance (848-800) 48 will be paid?
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### What to expect when switching from backtesting to live trading?

I am back-testing my model using the closing price of 5 minute candle-bars. I am trading S&P 100 stocks. I simulate executions with the assumption I can get them 2 ticks away from the closing ...
215 views

### Deposit vs. LIBOR rates? (Bloomberg/SuperDerivatives)

I noticed that Bloomberg and SuperDerivatives both use "Deposit Rates" for the calculation of forward points for currencies. I couldn't find anything online that describes precisely where these rates ...
60 views

### Realtime Exchange Rate Data API

There are various sources for real-time exchange rate data, e.g. Ariva EUR/USD. Is there also an API or other source which enables to automatically retrieve real-time exchange rates as a data stream ...
51 views

### What exotic options are exchange-traded?

There are a number of exchanges that trade vanilla Call/Put American/European options on various underlyings (equities, indices, futures). There have been some trading in digital options on certain ...
2k views

### What distribution to assume for interest rates?

I am writing a paper with a case study in financial maths. I need to model an interest rate $(I_n)_{n\geq 0}$ as a sequence of non-negative i.i.d. random variables. Which distribution would you advise ...
1k views

### What are the most common/popular exotics in the interest rate markets these days?

By "exotic" I mean anything that is not a plain vanilla swap, swaption, cap or floor. Also any IR hybrids if appropriate. Possible examples would be: CMS and CMS spread options Multi-callable swaps ...
128 views

### Understanding $N(d_1)$ and how to use the stock itself as the numeraire?

Assume the stock price follows a geometric Brownian motion Then in Black-Scholes pricing model, $N(d_2)$ is the risk-neutral probability that the option expires in-the-money. However, it is said that ...
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We got the stochastic process for stock price of n stocks at continues time. We can find if there is a arbitrage trading strategy or dominant trading strategy. I wonder if we cannot find such ...
1k views

### HFT - How to define and measure latency?

I have read and heard a lot about latency. But I can't find any solid information that explains how latency is defined and measured. When people say they have achieved millisecond or nanosecond ...
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### Historical UK Gilt 2-year and 5-year data

Data on the Medium (approx. 5-years) and Short (approx. 2-years) futures contract listed on ICE only goes back to 2009. Is anyone able to point me towards where I can get a longer time series, perhaps ...

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