# All Questions

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### Portfolio VaR with Copula?

Let the portfolio be given by: $$X=X_1+X_2$$ $(X_1,X_2)$ are dependent through a Copula function $C(u_1,u_2)$, such that the joint distribution is given by: $$F(x_1,x_2)=C(F(x_1),F(x_2))$$ What is ...
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### FX Rate dynamics

Let's suppose USD/EUR price in USD follows a GBM with $$dS_t = rS_tdt + \sigma S_tdW_t$$ What process does EUR/USD follow in EUR?
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### Why vertical skew is same for puts and calls

What is the reason that the vertical volatility skew graph(decreasing IV as the strikes increase) is the same for the puts and calls? The loose explanation is because of put call parity, but I am not ...
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### Why doesn't Black-Scholes assume the absence of statistical arbitrage?

Both Black-Scholes and binomial model assume that there's no risk-free arbitrage in the market. But that sounds like a very weak condition. If a trading scheme makes you gain 100 dollars with 99% ...
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### Historical Implied Volatility Calculation

I'm trying to calculate implied volatility for the FTSE 100 for the last few years. I have all the end of day data from LIFFE for the last few years. I have combined the data by weighting the ...
175 views

### Intermarket analysis - related time series?

I'm about to embark on training a neural network on daily forex data, with a view to obtaining a predictive network. I'm also interested in using data other than the forex currency pair data itself, ...
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### what volatility do we calculate using GARCH model

what volatility do we calculate using GARCH model, Historical vol or Implied vol or Future Vol or Actual vol.
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### is there an accepted method for quantifying risk of inaccuracy of nascent trm systems?

Have a somewhat meta question here. I am part of a trading risk management implementation project. I also manage day to day risk reporting to management and the trading desks. Our implementation was ...
36 views

### Is the volatility for these two SDEs the same

$$\ \ d\left(\frac{1}{S_t}\right) =\frac{1}{S_t}\left(\sigma^2-r\right)dt +\frac{1}{S_t}\sigma dW_t$$ and $$\ \ dS_t = S_t rdt + \sigma S_t dW_t$$ How can you prove that?
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### Is the value also log-normally distributed?

Sorry if this is a stupid question. My book assumes many times that $log(1+R)$ is normally distributed, so R is log-normal. But does this also mean that the value process is log-normal? Since ...
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### use synthetics for a pairs trading strategy

Let us say I want to pursue a pair trading strategy between stock A(long) and stock B(short). Can I replace this stocks with their synthetic option equivalents and have the same risk reward profile ...
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### Why Statistical arbitrage is no logner useful [on hold]

Are there any white papers, articles that briefly explain why statistical arbitrage is no longer useful? Should I just buy the book by Andrew Pole?
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### Why gamma for ATM option decreases as volatility increases

Why is the gamma for an at the money option less when volatility increases. Intuitively ,I thought that increasing volatility means more uncertainty,hence the option price will be more sensitive to ...
245 views

### Pricing options under restricted domain

How would I price an option when the underlying security is unable to trade above a certain price? I assumed this would be as simple as restricting the limits of integration of the PDF to B (the ...
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### What are the dynamics of the reverse of this FX process?

Assuming the dynamics of the exchange rate between two currencies at time $t$ is given by: $$dX_t=\Delta r X_t dt+ σ X_t dW_t$$ Is the FX Reverse process $\frac{1}{X_t}$ a brownian motion? How can ...
113 views

### Relationship between Beta and Standard Deviation

I was doing some financial analysis on two firms in the coffee industry. After calculating Beta and Standard Deviation for both firms, I seem to have stumbled on some weird phenomenon. It appears ...
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### Expected Shortfall and Spectral Risk Measure

Not sure I am understanding spectral risk measures correctly. Why is there an equal weighting scheme placed on the tail losses in expected shortfall. Will that no bias the expected value of the loss ...
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### What math concepts are used in designing volatility models

What topics in statistics and mathematics do I need to understand thoroughly before I can start to dabble with stochastic volatility models and volatility arbitrage?
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### Is it possible for two securities to have the same first 8 characters of a cusip, but differ in the check sum?

CUSIP is a 9 character long identifier. The last digit is a check sum checking the first 8 previous characters. This seems to me that it is not possible for two securities to have the same 8 ...
41 views

### Wholesale credit risk management

Trying to read up on "Wholesale credit risk ", can't find any useful references, why the emphasis on wholesale? - Any help greatly appreciated.
22 views

### Libor Market Model: numeraire change

I am currently studying the Libor forward market model, and although I get the mechanics behind the main arguments, I still do not have an intuitive idea of what's exactly the objective behind ...
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### Overlapping Value-at-Risk Backtest Data an Issue?

My understanding of VaR model back testing is thus: ~~ t: Calculate daily VaR using look back data over n past days t+1: Compare daily return against VaR, record breach if one occurred, repeat ...
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### Hedging bond with CDS of different maturity

Say I buy a 10-year bond with a notional of 100k. To hedge my credit risk entirely I could buy a 10-year CDS, also on a notional of 100k. Now, if there are only 5-year CDS trading and no 10-year CDS, ...
249 views

### How to price a Swing Option?

I'm working in the commodity market and I've to price Swing Options with MATLAB, preferably with finite element. Has anyone already priced these kind of derivatives? I'm thinking about using the ...
171 views

### Eurdollar Futures

Trying to understand the Eurdollar market a little better. I understand it's the market for dollar denominated deposits outside the US (not just in Europe). They are unregulated and not subject to ...
501 views

### Testing the validity of a factor model for stock returns

Consider the following m regression equation system: $$r^i = X^i \beta^i + \epsilon^i \;\;\; \text{for} \;i=1,2,3,..,n$$ where $r^i$ is a $(T\times 1)$ vector of the T observations of the dependent ...
896 views

### Do binary options make any sense?

Reading from "www.nadex.com" - the copy reads "Binaries are similar to traditional options but with one key difference: their final settlement value will be 0 or 100. This means your maximum risk and ...
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### How to price an European call on zero-coupon from the yield curve?

It is known that the price of an European call of maturity $T^*$ on zero-coupon of maturity $T$ is given by $$p(0,T)= B(0,T^*)\mathbb E ^{\mathbb Q_{T^*}}\left[ (B(T^*,T)-K)^+\right]$$ where ...
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### Modified or Macauley Duration in python

are there any existing python modules that can calculate Modified and/or Macauley Duration of a bond.
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### Total return index for interest rates (EURIBOR 3M)

I would like to calculate a daily total return index for the EURIBOR 3M. • Should I freeze at the beginning of each qurter die rate? (With this methology the developing of the index depends on the ...
21 views

### PCA on term structure of interest rates

Interest rate time series seems to be non-stationary whenever test is performed But covariance or correlation matrix is derived from term structure time series which are non stationary and later PCA ...
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### When $C(K_2) = C(K_1)$ for call options with the same expiration date

The exercise is to show $C(K_1) \geq C(K_2)$ where C(K) denotes the value of a call option on a stock price S with strike price K. We assume the expiry is the same for both. I have proved this by ...
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### Where to get master list of mutual funds?

I cant seem to find a straight answer anywhere on Google for this. I would like to create a master list of all known mutual funds and their ticker symbol. Is it possible to get this data from ...
31 views

### Need guidence on quant trading [on hold]

I am just learning quant trading and i want to trade based around probabilities. What do i need to learn to achieve this goal? Do I need to learn C, SAS, Excel? Also what is the best data feed to ...
27 views

### ZSpread in multiple curve framework

how do I calculate ZSpread for a govt. bond in a multiple curve framework? I have not come across the exact details anywhere so I want to verify if I'm right. Below is my understanding, please correct ...
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### Impact of Greeks on PnL for FX Option [on hold]

How to calculate Delta PnL, Gamma PnL, Vega PnL for an FX option?
170 views

### What are the main flaws behind Ross Recovery Theorem?

Stephen Ross’ new paper claims that it is possible to separate risk aversions and historical probabilities if the Stochastic Discount Factor is transition independent using Perron-Frobenius Theorem. ...
42 views

### Stochastic exponential, find the process model

We have $U_1 ,U_2 \dots$ independent and identically distributed random variables on a probability space, with $P(U_1=2,55\%)=1/2=P(U_2=-2,5\%)$ We have the the stochastic process \$X=(X0, X1, ...
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### (Beginer on bond market) References on callable bond's pricing

I am searching for references on pricing callable bonds. I've not find any rigorous mathematical approach on the web. All I found was some soft approaches in a discrete framework. Edit: First of ...
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### Calculation of Returns and Risk Metrics for L/S Portfolio

I am trying to build a test for a long/short portfolio. I am aiming for market neutral and have put together a long portfolio as well as a short portfolio (see below). However, I am not sure if I am ...