# All Questions

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### How to annualise the volatility of non-iid returns?

I have a series of monthly log-returns; let's assume the log-returns are normally distributed, but exhibit significant serial correlation. In the case of normal, i.i.d. returns, I can annualize the ...
45 views

### is Sum of P&L equal to portfolio value

For a portfolio containing FX options, would the sum of P&L for each option be the portfolio value?
12 views

### Median value for geometric brownian motion simulation

I'm trying to simulate stock prices using GBM. I am using the following formula to determine the stock prices: nu = mu - sig*sig/2; S = S0*[ones(1,nsims); ... ...
64 views

156 views

### How to work out weights for a portfolio based on an inverse ratio with positive and negative values?

I am trying to work out how to determine weights for the assets in order to form a portfolio. The ratio I am using is EV/EBIT, hence the smaller the better. The problem is I don't know how to handle ...
18 views

### Log returns and GARCH models

I try to model currency rates volatility using GARCH models through the RUGARCH package in R. Starting from the observed currency rate series, I compute the log-return through: ...
437 views

### Malliavin Calculus

From a quant point of view, how would you explain Malliavin calculus in few words ? I have the level to take these courses, but won't be able to do it next year, so I want to know what I am missing. ...
64 views

### LMM. Calibration to swaptions by Brigo and Morini. Volatility of swaption that matures at T=0

I'm reading Brigo D., Mercurio F. Interest Rate Models - Theory and Practice (Springer, 2006)(ISBN 3540221492) and also a source article on LMM cascade calibration to swaptions by Brigo and Morini. I ...
31 views

### What are the empirical limitations to testing market efficiency?

I have encountered a rather elegant argument about the limitations of empirically testing for market efficiency, involving the central point that we do not know whether a result is due to the "true ...
45 views

### Free access to official real-time and intraday data for exchanges [duplicate]

Where can I obtain all official real-time and intraday data for exchanges — NASDAQ, NYSE, AMEX, OTC, CME, etc? I feel like the raw data is out there to be consumed and parsed at no cost (except the ...
159 views

### How to express the Black Derman & Toy Model in a $dr=A\,dt+B\, dW$ form?

The Black Derman & Toy (BDT) model is given by $$d(\ln\,r)=\left(\theta(t)-\frac {d(\ln\sigma(t))}{dt}\ln r\right)\,dt+\sigma(t) \, dW.$$ How can one rewrite the BDT model as $dr=A\,dt+B\, dW$, ...
299 views

### What good papers of short term (<30 seconds) volatility estimation [duplicate]

I am looking for good papers of short term (<30 sec) volatility estimation AND short term volatility forecasting. Do you have something in mind ?
241 views

### Can classical economics explain *any* of the so-called stylized facts of finance?

I am doing some reading on the (historical) emergence of the Black-Scholes implied volatility smile for index options (yes - post 87), and I stumbled across an economic paper attempting to explain the ...
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+50

### How consequential are violations of the efficient diversification assumption of asset pricing models?

When using asset pricing models such as the CAPM or the Fama-French four factor model to determine the risk-adjusted return of a portfolio, does this strictly require efficient diversification of the ...
39 views

### What are the units of the variables appearing in a standard stochastic differential equation for a Wiener process?

The Black Scholes model assumes the following form for the Wiener process describing the evolution of the stock price S: $dS=\mu S dt + \sigma S dX$ Clearly $S$ ...
36 views

### How does Reuters quote caps?

I'm wondering which curves should I use when passing from the Implied volatility to prices. When I read an implied volatility (for instance 3Y Cap strike 0.5%) the discounts and forward rate ...
6 views

### GARCH models on stata [on hold]

How do I impose non negativity conditions of GARCH models on Stata? when I fit a type of GARCH models in stata, some of coefficients became negative. what should i do about this? another is that the ...
154 views

### Logic behind Gordon Growth Model in a DCF analysis?

Sorry, I wanted to ask this on the finance/money forum, but they don't support LaTeX there. Let's say we are valuing a company using the DCF methodology with a 5-year projection period. We project ...
41 views

### Maximizing utility subject to a wealth constraint

Let $\tilde{E}$ be the risk neutral expectation, and $X_t$ the wealth that time t and $R$ the return of a risk-free investment. Consider maximizing the function $EU(X_N)$ subject to ...
188 views

### Where do these Orders come from and what do they mean?

Good morning! I was looking at an order book yesterday and saw orders which I haven't seen before. Normally an order in the order book consists of the total volume, the price and how many ...
19 views

### What is the best real time data feed - IQFeed, kinetick.com, etc?

This is my first post, and I know of quant's vast knowledge base of the users. Thanks in advance for any assistance. Any quantitative testing, benchmarking, expected lag, true numbers comparing all ...
78 views

### Arbitrage and dominant strategies

If there is no arbitrage there is no dominant trading strategy, but there may be arbitrage opportunities even if there are no dominant trading strategies. Could you explain this statement and bring ...
77 views

### ARIMA model, cannot get rid of low order ACF spike

I've gone through all the steps to fit a good ARIMA model - I plotted the data, I looked at the ADF tests, I looked at the ACF plot with no AR and MA terms just a constants. I came up with an ...
215 views

### multiperiod optimization using R

I'm interested in multistage optimization problems. Are there any good R packages around to solve such problems over time? I'm not at all an expert in it, so maybe someone knows a good paper / lecture ...
26 views

### Critical Appraisal of Approaches countering Parameter Uncertainty in Portfolio Optimization

It is very hard to come up with legit and solid advantages and drawbacks of the various approaches wich are trying to counteract parameter uncertainty in portfolio optimization procedures. In my ...
213 views

### Distribution of Geometric Brownian Motion

Please let me know where I have been mistaken! Let the SDE satisfied by the GBM $S(t)$ be $$\frac{dS(t)}{S(t)} = \mu dt + \sigma dW(t).$$ Then, the underlying BM $X(t)$ will satisfy  dX(t) = ...
1k views

### How is the default probability implied from market implied CDS spreads for CVA/DVA calculation?

From point 38 on P.17 the default probability can be implied from market implied CDS spreads. "Macro Surface" method is mentioned, but I cannot get any clue of what it is? Where do I get the acedemic ...
48 views

### Technical Analysis in FX: literature on effective methods

I am trying to use technical analysis method (Kagi and Renko method in particular) to analyse my high frequency data. I applied those methods over 1 year, 2 years and 5 years high frequency data. I ...
69 views

### Python code to download historical firm data

I am looking for a Python code that scraps a website to download historical firm data such as market capitalization, dividend-yield, and so on. I have a code that downloads the current firm data from ...
41 views

### Am I in a long or short position in this case? (Cross hedging)

An airline expects to purchase 2 million gallons of jet fuel in 1 month and decides to use heating oil futures for hedging. The variance of the heating oil futures price is 1,5 times bigger then the ...
107 views

### Is there a way to adjust R PerformanceAnalytics function VaR with EWMA or GARCH method?

Is there a way to upgrade R PerformanceAnalytics function VaR with more risk sensitive approaches like EWMA or GARCH? Or is there another R package which can handle the issue?
47 views

### ICE oil Future Markers

i have seen Brent oil future singapore marker many times. however, i wonder what is the reason for introducing different markers in the future market. FYI - LINK
285 views

### What is Prompt Date Structure?

In LME website Prompt Date Structure is explained as this. Why there are prompt dates? LME trading calendar isn't universal to all other calanedars found in the market. So how do "Non-tradable dates ...
2k views

### Call vs. Put Option

I have two interrelated questions that have been bothering me for some time. I have read all the stuff online and it still doesn't make sense to me: Let us assume: 0% interest rate (both hedge ...
85 views

### Key Rate Duration for MBSs greater than Key Rate Tenor

Key Rate Durations (KRD) are essentially some fixed income instrument's price sensitivity to a non-parallel shift in interest rates (i.e., a shift at the "Key" Rate). For example, a 10-year bond's ...
44 views

### Is this process predictable or not?

Consider a market model with two assets which are modeled as usual by the stochastic process $S^0$ and $S^1$, that is adapted to the filtration. Can anyone tell if this process is predictable or ...
93 views

### Do people hedge with leveraged ETFs intraday? How?

Seems that the answer to the first part should be yes, but haven't seen any references or examples. E.g. suppose I want to hedge XLF position with FAZ. Do people use close to current returns, or just ...
50 views

### Calculating short/long order percentages?

I have a feed in real time that lists the ask and bid orders. Each order consists of a value and a quantity. I want to calculate the percentage of short orders from the total orders in terms of ...
79 views

### list of ADR's by volume or market cap

I'm looking for a list of ADR's (for a simulation) that I can screen by either market cap or volume? If anyone knows of a free way to get such a list it would be much appreciated.
59 views

### If the risk neutral probability measure and the real probability measure should coincide

Sorry if this may be a stupid question. I have not had that much mathematical finance, I've only learned about discrete time models. But lets for the argument say that you have a stochastic process ...
106 views

### Black scholes OTC

Let's say you want to find the fair price of a call option. One way is to use the black scholes formula. This assumes you can delta-hedge the underlying asset and the option to eliminate risk, and ...
25 views

### Variance calculation

How could I calculate variance when I have a snapshot of a portfolio that shows the following for each stock: Purchase Price, Close Price, Change in value, Change in percentage, Shares owned, ...
83 views

### How to find the best fitting GARCH model for a portfolio composed of 3 ETFs in R?

I am doing a project for my class Financial Time Series in which I am trying to forecast my portfolio log returns using a GARCH fit. I am having a bit of trouble determining the best way to fit this ...
30 views

### How to calculate implied volatility of an american call option in excel VBA?

I am looking for a macro which calculates the implied volatility of an american option in excel. My approach is to use secant method with lower bound of zero and upper bound as IV of european call ...
17 views

### Comparison of actual running time of algorithmic trading software [on hold]

I will have to do a project in my master degree. I am newbie in algorithmic trading. I understand the algorithmic trading software is a platform which user can write programs in it. Suppose I pick 2 ...

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