# All Questions

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### The role of Gamma in replicating a put

I am analyzing portfolio protection by replication of a put. Having my portfolio with value $V$ I could buy put giving me the payoff $P$ resulting in a call like pay-off scenario $C=V+P$. Say, I ...
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### How to adjust historical data highs/lows for splits and dividends?

When I download historical data from yahoo finance, only the closing price is adjusted for dividends/splits. Is there a way of figuring out the factor by which lets say the highs/lows have to be ...
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### How do I calculate the book value of a company from its balance sheet? [on hold]

I went to a financial modeling seminar, but I didn't understand what was going on because I was so new to the world of finance. If I'm looking at a balance sheet, how do I get EBITDA? From there how ...
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### Where can one find realistic historical transaction costs?

I am interested in strategy simulation at different frequencies (high frequency and daily frequency) and I want to compute the optimal frequency of execution. To do this, I need to obtain realistic ...
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### What does tradable asset mean?

I see a lot of theorems related to tradable assets in quantitative finance text books. What is a tradable asset? What does 'tradable' mean exactly? Does it simply mean the asset can be bought and ...
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### Stub rate and first fixing in IRS

I have 2 questions that probably are related. Suppose there is an IRS that pays a 2% fixed rate every 6 months and receives the Libor 3 months (but paid every 6 months). The swap starts today (March ...
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### Co-integration Ratio Using R for pair trading [on hold]

I am hoping to do pair trading using R. To do that , i have to calculate the Co-integration Ratio between the two stocks. How can i obtain this Co-integration Ratio using R ??
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### gauss module for maxlik.lcg and optmum.lcg [on hold]

Im wondering if anyone has the gauss module, preferably version 10.0 or after, I would like to have maxlik.lcg and optimum.lcg since my version is too old, so it's not compatible with the code I have. ...
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### How to calculate global exposure via commitment approach for FX swaps?

How would you calculate global exposure for FX swaps using the commitment approach? In particular, would you take into account both legs? CESR guidelines (CESR/10-788) defines that the exposure for ...
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### Where can I get equivalent of 3 months libor or swap historical data?

Please note: I have already checked your standard "Historical data sources" link, but it does not have the data I need: I am looking for 5 years of libor/swap data for major currencies. Daily, or ...
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### How to test the 5 Factor CAPM of Fama & French (2014)?

I would like to conduct a study testing the 5 factor CAPM, using UK stocks. Does anyone have any suggestions of how I can do this? Could this task be as simple as regressing average returns for a ...
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### How do estimate parameters of geometric brownian motion with time-varying mean?

Does anyone know how to estimate $A$, $\sigma_1$,$\sigma_2$ from the following system? $$dx = \mu_t x dt + \sigma_1 x dB_x$$ $$d\mu = A(\bar\mu - \mu) dt + \sigma_2 dB_\mu$$ Variation in $x$ could ...
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### What is an appropriate algorithm to use for tax loss harvesting?

I've been reading into how Betterment and Wealthfront have architected their tax loss harvesting algorithms, but they stop short of providing any real examples. Essentially, they both reduce to: ...
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### Does a call calendar lose its entire value if underlying increases well past the strike?

If I buy a call calendar spread, and the underlying increases, both options are in the money by the expiry of the short call. So both options increase in value, but the short one increases less ...
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### Convert a call spread to a butterfly to mitigate risk

I do not have a source for this (apologies), but sometimes, I hear about option traders initiating a vertical spread(short) and then converting that call spread to a butterfly spread to mitigate risk. ...
37 views

### Applying Girsanov Theorem

I have some parts of the proof, but I am not sure if they are arranged correctly or are sufficient. Is this right? Proposition: Given probability space equipped with natural filtration of standard ...
46 views

### Has automated trading produced profits at IEX?

Is there evidence that automated trading is profitable on the latency-enforced portion of the exchange? On the one hand, if automated trading was profitable when these limits existed naturally, it ...
28 views

### Correction factors for volatilities of smoothed returns

In An Introduction to High Frequency Finance (http://www.amazon.ca/Introduction-High-Frequency-Finance-Ramazan-Gen%C3%A7ay/dp/0122796713), the authors (on page 253) build a tick-frequency volatility ...
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What is the reason that volatility trading is mostly touted as an institutional trade? And something unsuitable for retail traders? Do you need to have substantial capital, risk free rate of ...
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### Will a back month leg in call calendar lose value if underlying goes down

If I buy a call calendar and underlying drops 5%, the front month short call will get further out of money and will lose value, resulting in a gain since I am short the front month option. What about ...
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### Why vega increases further out in time

Why do back months options have a higher vega than front month options? If possible , kindly explain on an intuitive level without a lot of math.
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### Exercise 2.2 from the book “The concept and practice of Mathematical Finance”

I am a newbie. Please help me understand how to resolve the exercise 2.2 from the book "The concept and practice of Mathematical Finance". The solution from the book says that our super-replicating ...
17 views

### Spread over LIBOR on a Equity Swap

Does anyone how banks determine the spread over LIBOR on a Equity Swap? Example: Party A pays the return on SPTR to Party B Party B pays 1M LIBOR + 40 bps to Party A Does anyone know how the 40 ...
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### The future language of quant programming?

Im just about to begin the programming aspect of my education towards being a Quant. I know what languages are currently being used and how popular they are. However, I have several good friends ...
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### How to manage risk on a call calendar when underlying is falling

Let us say I bough a call calendar spread. Now, at expiry of the short option, the underlying has decreased significantly, and I am approaching my max loss(i.e both the options are close to 0). In ...
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### Why theta multipled by days to expiry exceeds the total time premium of the option

Sometimes, I find an option where the total time value of the option may be 5 cents(rest is intrinsic value) and there are about 15 days to expiry and theta is .08 (8 cents). How is this possible. If ...
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### What is the purpose of doing MTM and Cross Currency Swaps?

Both the trades are cross currency, however in MTM one leg is constant and other is variable. But what might the reason for exchanging cash flows into two different currencies? Could someone please ...
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### Using Forward Equity Returns to Value Stream of Equity Return Cash Flows

Can I value the equity leg of an equity swap using the projected forward equity returns? In other words, for a sequence of times $t_{0}<t_{1}<\ldots<t_{n}$, where $t_{0}$ begins a brand new ...
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### Why does the OTM call sometimes have a higher theta than the ATM call?

In this AAPL option chain on Mar20 call options, the OTM calls have a slightly higher theta than the ATM calls. Why is this? Is not time value(and thereby time decay) supposed to be highest for ...
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### Cointegration example

Does anyone know where to find an example of implementing Engle-Granger 2-step cointegration? Python's ideal, but any language will do. I've skimmed and read many articles, but understand little about ...
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### Technical Indicators reference

I have been looking for a good reference where I can find how technical indicators of stock market analysis are calculated. I have a dataset (time series) which I want to extract these indicators to ...
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### Is it too important that my residuals be normal? I am Using an ARMA/GARCH model

I am trying to fit an ARMA/GARCH model to a time series. I found that the best candidate is an ARMA(1,0) + GARCH(1,1) with gaussian white noise It has coefficients with p-values near cero and the ...
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### Question about historical volatility ranking

I have seen this strategy example, which uses garch in a regime switching context: https://systematicinvestor.wordpress.com/2012/01/06/trading-using-garch-volatility-forecast/ The author classifies ...
190 views

### Does higher vega imply higher IV and vice versa

If an option A has higher vega than option B, does that also mean that A has a higher IV than B? I understand that by definition, a higher vega means that A's price is more sensitive to its IV than B. ...
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### If an option went down in value, how much is due to theta decay and how much due to fall in IV

Let us say that there was a stock trading at 100 and the 105 call was trading at 3 $. with 1 month to go Now stock went up to 104 after 15 days, and the call dropped to 2.80$, to the call buyer's ...
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### Amortizing Bond QuantLibXL

I would ask if anybody knows how to do get the NPV of an amortizing bond with QuantLibXL in the most automated way. I found some solutions but are very close to a manual calc, say, pass the vector of ...
207 views

### What is the yield on an infinitely lived ZCB?

I guess the price of a Zero-Coupon Bond with infinite maturity should go to zero, what about its yield? I am asking this because I was dealing with the yield curve and its asymptotic properties when ...