# All Questions

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### Problems with a Black-Scholes modified equation

I haven't really studied much financial mathematics until about 2 months ago so I'm quite new to this stuff, so I'm sorry if this is a trivial question. At the moment I'm trying to work out what the ...
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### trading strategy problem - initial capital x buys S over time [0,T] at the constant rate of x/T euros per unit of time

I am looking for clarification to the trading strategy problem where the number of stocks is depending on time. In the Market with zero safe rate and stock dynamics defined as ...
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### Why do we assume quadratic utility in portfolio theory?

In my text (Investments by BKM), the investor's mean-variance utility (given as $U = E[R] - \frac12A\sigma^2$) is stated to be the objective function we wish to maximize. Upon further digging, it ...
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### financial mathematics bond related problem [on hold]

Joe must pay liabilities of 1,000 due 6 months from now and another 1,000 due one year from now. There are two possible investments: 1) A 6-month bond with face amount of 1,000, an 8% nominal annual ...
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### Why is the Risk Free Rate 1 over Contingent Claim Prices?

Reading Asset Pricing by John Cochrane (2005), in his second chapter he defines the risk free rate as: Rf = 1 / sum [pc(s)] Where pc(s) are state contingent claims, where s is the state of nature ...
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### Implied Volatility as proxy for instantaneous volatility

In many papers and book I have found a reasoning that it is well summarized in this paper as "The first proxy we use is an unadjusted Black-Scholes proxy in which the implied volatility of a ...
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### Multivariate Ito problem $M_t=\frac{X_t}{Y_t}$

I am analyzing a problem given in the lecture slides published here (Slide 7-8 Example of Multivariate Ito’s Lemma). Can anybody explain how the $M_t$ was calculated out of the Ito formula. I ...
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### Which close price should we use for machine learning?

I am building a machine learning model using historical prices and I am using data from yahoo finance. Currently yahoo finance data have two close prices one normal close price(close) and other ...
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### Overpricing Bermudan swaption using Shifted LMM

I am trying to model a callable range accrual note linked to the EUR CMS spread, 20Y-10Y, with cap and floor. The note is Bermudan, callable starting year 3, every 3 years till maturity at 30 year. We ...
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### Fees on derivatives

Since it's obviously not at their fair value that derivatives are priced, how do investment banks compute the fees that they add on top of the risk neutral price ?
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### calculate 6 month change in TED spread

I have a basic question if someone could help me out how would I calculate the 6 month change in TED spread. I have a monthly time series of TED spreads.
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### Where can I find CMS swap trading prices?

I am writing a paper about CMS swap. To do so, I'd like to compare different theoretical pricing methods of these instruments to the "real prices" i.e. prices used in the marketplace. But I don't ...
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### measuring portfolio performance using monte carlo simulation

I have a financial portfolio comprising standard asset classes such as equities, bonds, and commodities. I developped a strategy (optimized) and I include it in the financial portfolio. I want to ...
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### how can we know the residual return will be uncorrelated with the market return

I was reading that if we know a portfolios beta we can break the excess return on that portfolio into a market component and a residual component. ...
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### Interplay of statistical factors (PCA) and market factors (value, momentum, low vol, …)

Is there any research done on the interplay between statistical factors (as a result of principle component analysis PCA) and the market factors (especially value, size, low vol, momentum, quality)? ...
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### calculating long short portfolios currency exposure

I have calculated the currency exposures of a long short portfolio simply by summing the weights of each stock. However I was told that I need to incorporate the dollar borrowing (short dollars), I ...
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### Perpetual American Put Supermartingale property

Discounted price process of an american put (perpetual) has a $dt$ part in it, which is negative if the price at time $t$ is less than the optimal exercise price. This is the only thing that drags the ...
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### Ledoit-Wolf, expected order of optimal shrinkage intensity

I have a question regarding the optimal shrinkage intensity derived in the Ledoit-Wolf method. Specifically, I'm referring to their version concerned with the target defined as the single index factor ...
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### How to work out the forward outright price from the bid/ask quotes?

I'm facing this problem: Spot AUD/USD is quoted at 0.7634/39; six-months swaps are 112.1/111.1; at what forward outright rate can a price taker sell USD value spot/6 months? On the spot ...
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### How do companies forecast revenue and earning estimates for a quarter or year in advance?

I'm sure there are models and they have low and high estimates. But how to do they decide on the percentage growth? A bit of art + science?
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### Combos on close SPX

I am wondering if anyone has any information on how combos on close trade. I've been looking at the BTIC (http://www.cmegroup.com/trading/equity-index/btic-block-trades.html) and was wondering if ...
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### shifted SABR - ATM vol

quick question guys. I know that for Shifted SABR (or any other Shifted model), we simply model the underlying price process (lets say the forward interest rate F), as F' = F + x, x being the shift. ...
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### combining returns in portfolio analysis

In portfolio analysis, can anyone think of a reason it might be a bad idea to simply combine all the past returns into a single return based on your asset allocation and then determine portfolio and ...
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### Integration in the Hull-White SDE

I'm stuck in solving the SDE in Hull-White interest rate model. I do not have a thorough background in math (only Real Analysis during my blissful undergrad years), so I am having trouble ...
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### What are the answers to these questions on card deck and option pricing?

here are 3 questions I have some trouble dealing with. Your help will be greatly appreciated! 1 - We have a deck card: 26 red, 26 black. we play a game: you draw a card from the deck without putting ...
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### What is the importance behind an efficient frontier to be a straight line in the standard deviation-mean plane for Mean-Variance Portfolio Selection?

I'm currently working on a research project regarding Continuous-Time Mean-Variance Portfolio Selection problem. I got curious on why is it important for the efficient frontier to be a straight line ...
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### investor terminal value of portfolio with two risky assets 1) correlated 2)not correlated $\phi_t^1=S^{2}_{t}, \ \phi_t^2=S^{1}_{t}$

I am analyzing a problem where I have two stocks described by the equations $$\frac{dS^{1}_{t}}{S^{1}_{t}}=\mu_{1} dt + \sigma_{1} dW^{1}_{t}$$  \frac{dS^{2}_{t}}{S^{2}_{t}}=\mu_{2} dt + ...
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### Why Is Bond Time Value Risk Not Considered in Bond Immunization?

I know bond portfolio immunization includes duration and (if the hedging period is longer) convexity matching. These are equivalent to taking the first and second partial derivatives of the bond ...
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### Is there a way to meaningfully generate daily returns from monthly?

I have a set of 7 investments in a portfolio and I need to optimize the weightings based on some exposures to various markets/styles/economic factors. I was hoping to do some sort of simple exposure ...
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### serial correlation, Fama MacBeth (1973) procedure incorporating momentum

I have a question regarding the use of the Fama-MacBeth (1973) procedure on panel data. I am investigating the cross sectional determinants of expected REIT return following the procedure from: Chui, ...
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### Cash Flow for Operating Cost, Sheldon Ross Question

In his An Elementary Introduction to Mathematical Finance, 3rd Edition book, pg. 55, Sheldon Ross has a question - A company needs a certain type of machine for the next five years. They ...
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### Easy question (?) - how to measure if volatility for two samples is significantly different?

For my bachelor thesis I'm doing a research where at one point I want to measure if volatility for a certain sample of stocks in period A is significantly different from i) the same sample of stocks ...
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### Stress Testing for VaR

I am trying to perform stress testing for VaR and have taken into consideration two methods:- 1. Sensitivity analysis 2. Historical scenario analysis. According to the Derivatives Policy group we ...
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### How can you find change in working capital and capital expenditures without a balance sheet?

I'm working with the following information trying to work through a valuation exercise and I'm absolutely stuck. How can I find ∆WC and CAPX with this information?
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### How to express the volatility of two correlated Ito processes $Wt_1, Wt_2$ expressed in terms of $W_t$?

Having two correlated Ito processes ($W_t^1$ and $W_t^2$ are correlated Brownian motions with correlation $\rho$) $dX_{t} =\mu_{1} dt + \sigma_1 dWt_1$ $dY_{t} = \mu_{2} dt + \sigma_2 dWt_2$ ...
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### Convert 90-Day Tbill to risk free rate on continuous basis

I am trying to use the BS formula to compute the value of a call option. To do that I need the risk free rate on a continuous basis. As far as I know, people typically use the 90 day TBill as a proxy ...
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### Exchange ratio (stock swap ratio) during a merger/acquisition

Good morning to all, The question is homework-related but I've done the research already. The task is to guesstimate how much money will a known company A pay if it wants to acquire the known company ...
Why can a swap option be regarded as a type of bond option? My idea: Suppose the swap rate of the swaption is $s$. Now consider a bond option expiring at $T$ with strike, \$(P_K)_t = ...