# All Questions

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### Portfolio VaR with Copula?

Let the portfolio be given by: $$X=X_1+X_2$$ $(X_1,X_2)$ are dependent through a Copula function $C(u_1,u_2)$, such that the joint distribution is given by: $$F(x_1,x_2)=C(F(x_1),F(x_2))$$ What is ...
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### Why vertical skew is same for puts and calls

What is the reason that the vertical volatility skew graph(decreasing IV as the strikes increase) is the same for the puts and calls? The loose explanation is because of put call parity, but I am not ...
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### Why doesn't Black-Scholes assume the absence of statistical arbitrage?

Both Black-Scholes and binomial model assume that there's no risk-free arbitrage in the market. But that sounds like a very weak condition. If a trading scheme makes you gain 100 dollars with 99% ...
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### what volatility do we calculate using GARCH model

what volatility do we calculate using GARCH model, Historical vol or Implied vol or Future Vol or Actual vol.
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### Is the value also log-normally distributed?

Sorry if this is a stupid question. My book assumes many times that $log(1+R)$ is normally distributed, so R is log-normal. But does this also mean that the value process is log-normal? Since ...
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### Historical Implied Volatility Calculation

I'm trying to calculate implied volatility for the FTSE 100 for the last few years. I have all the end of day data from LIFFE for the last few years. I have combined the data by weighting the ...
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### BlackProcess' constructor $x_{0}$ argument in QuantLib
I am currently using BlackProcess to price options and I have a doubt related to the $x_{0}$ argument of the constructor: I've figured out it should be the forward ...