# All Questions

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### R:log return calculation for panel data structure

I have a long form panel for hourly prices of stocks. I want to do log return calculation for this panel data structure. This is sample data: ...
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### Is $(1,0,0,0,…,0)$ a legitimate dividend stream?

A book I am reading defines a positive linear functional as a "price functional" from a set of adapted processes to the real numbers. Specifically, it defines a "consistent price functional" as one ...
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### Option based approach to real capital structures

Has anyone made a serious attempt to apply option theory to real assets and capital structures, taking into account all the messy details ?
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### Arbitrage and completeness in multiperiod model?

Given a 2-period market with above stock price process along with a riskfree stock with a return of 5%, how do I determine whether the market is arbitrage-free and complete when I only have knowledge ...
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### Estimate the risk of swaptions

I would like to model OTM Swaptions. I can use some implementation of the Bachelier model (not B76 due to negative rates) and implied volatilities from Bloomberg. For 10Y X 10Y (10 years option ...
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### Black Litterman: Is it possible to have multiple views (from different sources) on the same asset?

From the basics of Black Litterman I understand that each view on a stock is implemented via the pick matrix P with the expected value of the views in Q. I have read several papers where each stock ...
34 views

### FIX engines comparison

Need help, looking for some comparison between c++ FIX engines, like onixs, antenna and some fpga solutions. If anyone has experienced some of the named engines also would like to hear the ...
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### Pricing back swaptions corresponding to underlying swaps of Bermudan Swaption in calibrated LMM

I do not know to which swaption volatility matrix I have to calibrate the LMM in order to price back correctly the swaptions corresponding to the underlying swaps of a Bermudan Swaption. My problem: ...
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### Toxic FX Flow - how to avoid it [duplicate]

So, basically i want to debate and find out the real reason behind being flag by ECNs and venues as "toxic". How to avoid being flag? What kind of strategies are toxic and why? Below is an article ...
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### Bond Duration with Bond portfolio returns

if I have given CRSP bond portfolio returns with different maturities (1m-12m, etc), how is it possible to compute the Future price and the duration? Beside that I do also have the Nelson-svensson-...
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### CAPM, DCF, and Jensen's inequality

One way to value a cashflow is to first calculate the expected return from CAPM, and then use the expected return to discount the future cashflows. The problem here is that the expected return from ...
41 views

### Calculation loan's margin from bank perspective

I was wondering how bank calculates in practice the amount of money it earns after granting a credit (I hope margin is the proper word). Supposing, that the client took 3-year 10000 euros loan (36 ...
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### How to statistically prove that an automated trading strategy outperforms the market? [closed]

For a university project, I have been working on a rather complex automated trading strategy, that levers machine learning techniques. I backtested the algorithm, as a result I have daily return data ...
228 views

### Volatility Smile Approximation

Does anyone know what type of model is used to model the skew and IVs inside Thinkorswim platform for its volatility smile approximation? I am trying to replicate but do not know where to start. Any ...
57 views

### Quantum Computing for Quantitative Finance

It's been a while that quantum computing is looked as the next step in computational science. I somewhat always tought we were decade aways from it's happening but it appears I was wrong: ibm-quantum-...
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### Discount factor taking into account yield curve shape

I have always been told that the discount factor formula is just: $$DF(T) = \frac{1}{(1+L_{t_0})^T}$$ where $L_{t_0}$ is the LIBOR rate on one period (the first one I guess) and $T$ the number of ...
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### Modelling log-returns and calculating the portfolio return

I know this might be a trivial question, however, I would be grateful for some clarification. I am working on weekly log-return data, doing volatility-foracasting using GARCH models and then using ...
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### How to choose a GARCH model which delivers iid standardized residuals?

For my thesis I first need to examine nine financial time series and fit a conditional volatility model such that the obtained standardized residuals ($z_t = \epsilon_t / \sigma_t$) are approximately ...
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### Calibrating and simulating returns from a t-distribution

A slight twist (I hope) on the familiar problem of simulating log returns from a t distribution. My two questions concern calibration to sample data. First, one can infer the degrees of freedom in the ...
31 views

### calculating long short portfolios currency exposure

I have calculated the currency exposures of a long short portfolio simply by summing the weights of each stock. However I was told that I need to incorporate the dollar borrowing (short dollars), I ...
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### Cash Flow for Operating Cost, Sheldon Ross Question

In his An Elementary Introduction to Mathematical Finance, 3rd Edition book, pg. 55, Sheldon Ross has a question - A company needs a certain type of machine for the next five years. They ...
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### How can you find change in working capital and capital expenditures without a balance sheet?

I'm working with the following information trying to work through a valuation exercise and I'm absolutely stuck. How can I find ∆WC and CAPX with this information?
prove the condition $D<R<U$ is equivalent to the absence of arbitrage: R = risk free investment rate of return. U and D are returns corresponding to the upward/downward price movements of a ...