# All Questions

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### VIX Calculation - weighting of strikes

The formula for calculating the VIX from SPX options is given on page 4 of this document: https://www.cboe.com/micro/vix/vixwhite.pdf My question is, why is the option price at each strike weighted ...
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### need help with Donchian-channels function!

I want to be able to plot Donchian-channels. It's probably easier to use numpy but, am not that fluent with numpy yet so i thought i could make a function that takes two arrays as input(Highs and ...
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### How to weigh many factors using a SMA/EMA

I'm learning about the SMA/EMA technical analysis, as well as, indicators such as Bollinger Bands, Stochastic Oscillators, MACD, etc. How do you know which one to use and which to weigh more over ...
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### When measuring autocorrelation should you use log returns or prices?

Let's say you want to measure intra day autocorrelation from 9:30 am to 1pm using 5-minute prices should you calculate the autocorrelation using raw prices or log returns (i.e. diff(log(prices)))? Can ...
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### Bond price in Ho-Lee Model

I know Ho-Lee model and want to extract the price at $t$, of a European call option with strike price $K$ and exercise date $T$, on an underlying $S$-bond, but I don't know what way should I choose: ...
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### Is the stock price process a martingale or a random walk in efficient markets?

What is the difference between RWH and EMH? In efficient market, the price will be fully reflected by available information. If there is no news, the price would be unchanged. If there is a news, ...
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### Why does increased stock borrow costs decrease a stock's forward price?

The author in this article -- http://streetwiseprofessor.com/?p=7294 -- states that an increase in stock borrowing costs decreases a stock's forward price: In the absence of manipulation, the ...
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### Futures vs. spot for currencies - who is the leader

What is known about interrelation between the currency (say EURUSD) spot prices vs. futures on the the same currencies (traded at Chicago CME) ? I mean what is typical situation - the main price ...
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### Given cash flows, what is the interest rate of the following contract? [closed]

I am presented with an investment opportunity where I am given #481,000 on day 1. Thereafter, every 10 days, I am required to give back #50,000 every for 100 days (10 * 50000 = 500000). How do I ...
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### Constructing NS-Svensson parameters with zero coupon AND coupon bonds

I am in the process of calculating sovereign zero coupon yield curves using the NS-Svensson parameter for a number of countries. Due to data constraints, I would like to use the information from price ...
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### Calculating discount factors using Nelson Siegel Svensson model

I am trying to understand how to calculate the discount factors $disc(TTM)$ mentioned on Page 9 of this pdf. When I'm calculating the discount factors, mentioned each bond has its own cash flow and ...
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### Transforming coupon bond returns to ZC bond returns

I am interested in aggregated Amihud ratios measures over bond groups. For a large panel data set with daily bond prices and volumes I have calculated already Amihud ratios per ISIN/day. Naive ...
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### Term to Maturity when calculating discount function

I am just trying to understand what TTM (Term to Maturity) means in Page 8 of this PDF when calculating the discount function. Is it just the vector representing the difference between the time to ...
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### Correlation Between 2 Portfolios

I have a set of assets, n. I'm trying to find the correlation between 2 portfolios, say x and y, where x is nested in, or, a sub-set of y. That is, x is a portfolio based on a sub-set of n, while y is ...
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### Understanding how to obtain Nelson Siegel Svensson parameters

I am trying to determine the parameters for the Nelson Siegel Svensson model and am solving a Non- Linear Optimization problem to do this. I am using the procedure presented in this paper. The way I ...
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### What P&L netting should one use when a strategy has trades in two different geographic locations?

I am familiar with the FIFO methodology of netting buys and sells to obtain a realized P&L and outstanding position. Suppose there's a strategy which runs in two different places A, and B and ...
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### Should earnings be modelled normally or lognormally?

I am having difficulty deciding whether a company's earnings should be modelled normally or lognormally. If we consider two arguments: (i) The earnings of a company are the returns on the assets of ...
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### Modeling EOD ETFs price returns together or individually?

Let's say you want to model the next day price returns for a set of US equities large cap ETFs (a relatively homogenous group). Would you model all the ETFs as a single, 15 years data set, or each ETF ...
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### American put option and rising interest rate

Will a rise in interest rate always result in a lower price of an American put option?
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### In this scenario could gamma be higher for OTM options?

Let's say there is a \$1 stock, with say 1 day to expiration. The 1.5 strike call, is probably a 0 delta at this point; however, a 1 point increase would mean the stock would be at trading at 2 ...
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### Johansen test on two stocks (for pairs trading) yielding annoying results

I hope you can help me with this one. I am using cointegration to discover potential pairs trading opportunities within stocks and more precisely I am utilizing the Johansen trace test for only two ...
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### How can one get broker order data?

Is there any chance to get order data from any broker with a label from which account it came from? The accounts can be anonymized, i just need to identify an account's orders sent. Any help will ...
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### Implied volatility interview question [closed]

If an implied volatility of an out of the money call option goes to infinity,what happens to the delta of the said call option?
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### Looking for a definition of financial entropy

In Science, Entropy is generally considered to be the irreversibility of stuff. Google defines entropy as: lack of order or predictability; gradual decline into disorder The 'gradual decline in ...
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### Do I need simulink to model the risks of an option portfolio

I wish to buy Matlab Home and learn to model the risks of a derivatives portfolio and then stress test it. So I am guessing I will need : Stochastic calculus Linear algebra Stats/Probability Some ML ...
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### Constant decreasing volatility, GARCH forecasting

I am trying to forecast the volatility using GARCH modelling in R. I fit an ARMA(1,1)-GARCH(1,1) model, but my sigma predictions are constantly decreasing. Anybody know why? ...