# All Questions

0answers
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### How to fit model implied forward curve with market forward curve for Ornstein-Uhlebeck?

I have a spread option model of 2 correlated Ornstein-Uhlenbeck commodity prices that I estimate the parameters of with Maximum Likelihood. What is the formula for introducing the additional ...
0answers
18 views

### Thompson Reuters TRBC and GICS

I can retrieve the components But I would like 2 retrieve the Index RIC by the sector scheme Code for Both GCIS and TRBC. I would really like 2 get my hands on the components for the Dow Jones sectors ...
1answer
36 views

### Why do we assume quadratic utility in portfolio theory?

In my text (Investments by BKM), the investor's mean-variance utility (given as $U = E[R] - \frac12A\sigma^2$) is stated to be the objective function we wish to maximize. Upon further digging, it ...
0answers
18 views

### Validation of an outright bid/ask computation

Given that the spot USD/CAD (for example) is $1.6120/25$ and six month forward swaps are $27/26$. What would the outright price be? I notice that bid of swap is larger than ask, that implies that is ...
1answer
18 views

### Why is the Risk Free Rate 1 over Contingent Claim Prices?

Reading Asset Pricing by John Cochrane (2005), in his second chapter he defines the risk free rate as: Rf = 1 / sum [pc(s)] Where pc(s) are state contingent claims, where s is the state of nature ...
0answers
13 views

### Where can I find CMS swap trading prices?

I am writing a paper about CMS swap. To do so, I'd like to compare different theoretical pricing methods of these instruments to the "real prices" i.e. prices used in the marketplace. But I don't ...
0answers
42 views

### measuring portfolio performance using monte carlo simulation

I have a financial portfolio comprising standard asset classes such as equities, bonds, and commodities. I developped a strategy (optimized) and I include it in the financial portfolio. I want to ...
1answer
82 views

### How to work out the forward outright price from the bid/ask quotes?

I'm facing this problem: Spot AUD/USD is quoted at 0.7634/39; six-months swaps are 112.1/111.1; at what forward outright rate can a price taker sell USD value spot/6 months? On the spot ...
1answer
32 views

### shifted SABR - ATM vol

quick question guys. I know that for Shifted SABR (or any other Shifted model), we simply model the underlying price process (lets say the forward interest rate F), as F' = F + x, x being the shift. ...
0answers
26 views

### combining returns in portfolio analysis

In portfolio analysis, can anyone think of a reason it might be a bad idea to simply combine all the past returns into a single return based on your asset allocation and then determine portfolio and ...
0answers
20 views

### What is the importance behind an efficient frontier to be a straight line in the standard deviation-mean plane for Mean-Variance Portfolio Selection?

I'm currently working on a research project regarding Continuous-Time Mean-Variance Portfolio Selection problem. I got curious on why is it important for the efficient frontier to be a straight line ...
1answer
72 views

### Why Is Bond Time Value Risk Not Considered in Bond Immunization?

I know bond portfolio immunization includes duration and (if the hedging period is longer) convexity matching. These are equivalent to taking the first and second partial derivatives of the bond ...
1answer
55 views

### Is there a way to meaningfully generate daily returns from monthly?

I have a set of 7 investments in a portfolio and I need to optimize the weightings based on some exposures to various markets/styles/economic factors. I was hoping to do some sort of simple exposure ...
0answers
51 views

### Easy question (?) - how to measure if volatility for two samples is significantly different?

For my bachelor thesis I'm doing a research where at one point I want to measure if volatility for a certain sample of stocks in period A is significantly different from i) the same sample of stocks ...
1answer
43 views

### Stress Testing for VaR

I am trying to perform stress testing for VaR and have taken into consideration two methods:- 1. Sensitivity analysis 2. Historical scenario analysis. According to the Derivatives Policy group we ...
2answers
15 views

### How can you find change in working capital and capital expenditures without a balance sheet?

I'm working with the following information trying to work through a valuation exercise and I'm absolutely stuck. How can I find ∆WC and CAPX with this information?
0answers
26 views

### Convert 90-Day Tbill to risk free rate on continuous basis

I am trying to use the BS formula to compute the value of a call option. To do that I need the risk free rate on a continuous basis. As far as I know, people typically use the 90 day TBill as a proxy ...
0answers
29 views

### Hull white tree and the pricing of an interest rate swap

Currently, I have been able to set up the hull white tree. To price the swap, and we use the formula from Wilmott "Introduces Quantitative Finance", where we use the discount factors for all ...
0answers
18 views

### Exchange ratio (stock swap ratio) during a merger/acquisition

Good morning to all, The question is homework-related but I've done the research already. The task is to guesstimate how much money will a known company A pay if it wants to acquire the known company ...
1answer
23 views

### Pricing foreign currency bonds - which approach is more theoretically “sound”?

You own a fixed rate corporate bond in foreign currency (let's say JPY). Your domestic currency is USD. Which of the these two approaches do you consider theoretically better? Discount JPY cash ...
0answers
19 views

### Why does the forward rate curve lies above the spot rate curve and the yield to maturity curve?

I saw a picture of 3 different yield curves, a spot rate curve, a forward curve, and a yield to maturity curve. The forward curve was at the top, the YTM curve at the bottom. I don't understand why.
0answers
14 views

### The equivalence of APV and WACC

How would you prove the equivalence of APV and WACC (for a firm with constant D/E ratio)?
0answers
26 views

### Evaluation of Bayesian GARCH

I am using the bayesGARCH package to estimate Bayesian GARCH models and I was wondering how to evaluate them in terms of precision of forecast or at least the quality of the model. I have encountered ...
0answers
23 views

### FX Counterparty Risk Modeling

We are building PFE model for FX derivatives including but not limited to outright and barrier options. For counterparty risk purpose, we are assessing whether black karasinski would be good for fx ...
0answers
20 views

### Comparison of quality across different fundamentals data sources?

There are a variety of different mechanisms and rules used by each fundamentals data provider to standardize and report company fundamentals. For example, the transformation of reported statements to ...
0answers
26 views

### is mean and variance sufficient to determine the following question?

consider this question: I want to buy AAPL, and I could buy it from 3 brokers. I have their historical quote. Is there any statistic other than mean and variance I could use to determine if one broker ...
0answers
15 views

### Hedging non-deliverable forward

For a non-deliverable forward, the payoff at maturity is $N(1-\frac{F}{S_T})$, where $N$ is the notional, $F$ is the forward rate predetermined at $t=0$, $S_T$ is the spot exchange rate at maturity ...
0answers
15 views

### Value at Risk Backtest type 2 error

I am wondering why in the most popular tests(Kupiec's POF, Christoffersen, the Null hypothesis is "our model is accurate". If we set our null hypothesis that way, we only have a decent result if we ...
0answers
15 views

### Exercise probabilities in Black Scholes [duplicate]

In the Black Scholes Formula, why are the probability of an Asset or Nothing Call and Cash or Nothing Call being exercised different. The probabilities are N(d1) and N(d2) respectively.
0answers
67 views

### Applying Black-Scholes to valuing index options

I am currently attempting to use the Black-Scholes model to value index options. My issue is; what should I use as the price of the underlying? Say I want to value a call option on the German DAX with ...
0answers
46 views

### The Merton's model

According to Merton's model we can calculate probability of default by this formula: $$P(V_T < B) = N \big[ \frac{\ln\frac{B}{V_0} - (\mu-\frac{1}{2}\cdot\sigma^2)T}{\sigma\sqrt{T}} \big]$$ I have ...
1answer
37 views

### Timing of S&P 500 Component Changes - Pre or Post Market?

When S&P 500 has a component change is the change made before market open or after the close. For example on March 3rd announement by S&P that UDR replacing GMCR after close of trading on ...
0answers
47 views

### Package for multivariate Garch Vech model for R?

I`m new to programming and searching a package for R which inherents the estimation for a Vech Garch(1,1). This is a multivariate Garch model which forms the residuals and the covariance matrix from a ...
1answer
58 views

### How to estimate parameters for 2 correlated Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes with maximum likelihood?

I would like to use maximum likelihood to estimate the parameters of two correlated Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes from empirical data. Do you have any good references for this? If you have any hints as ...
0answers
12 views

### shrinkage intensity via tawny

I'm attempting to generate a shrunked covariance matrix using the tawny package according to the Ledoit-Wolf method. However, I'm getting an odd result for the shrinkage factor using ...
0answers
13 views

### How to set the mean matrix in fPortfolio package in R

I'm doing a mean-variance analysis of 5 ETF's and insted of using the sample mean i used a time series model to forecast it. I want to do a backtest of a tangency portfolio getting the weights with ...
0answers
32 views

### IV of stocks vs IV of options

As for as I have seen, Implied volatility of stocks are easy to understand as there will always be a peak and fall(usually on earnings announcement dates). The magnitude differs but the wave pattern ...
0answers
13 views

### Proving the convexity of put price [duplicate]

Prove that the price of the European put option is a convex function of the strike price in one-step binomial model. In other words, if $P_E(X)$ is the price of the European put option in one-step ...
0answers
41 views

### Portfolio replication option pricing: Money market position

Why when replicating a call option, the money market position (bond, risk free investment) is negative and when replicating a call option, the money market position is positive? Please explain ...
0answers
18 views

### Calculating portfolio returns from a dynamic, optimal re-balancing strategy

I am calculating a dynamic strategy with optimal re-balancing as in here. As a result of maximizing the expected utility function I obtain the weight for the risky asset in period $t=0$. All such ...
0answers
32 views

### Connecting Call price computed discretely to call price computed under continuous time case

I want to connect the call premiums calculated discretely via the binomial pricing method to the Black-Scholes-Merton formula for the call premium which applies to continuous time case. The framework ...
0answers
12 views

### One period optimizations with tcosts, few predictions and getting positions unstuck

Consider a one period portfolio optimization with objective that maximizes $\omega E(r) - \lambda_r\omega^t\Sigma\omega - TC$ Where TC is however we calculate tcosts/impact. Importantly, most ...
0answers
20 views

I hold a 10 year, $100 million bond. In order to minimize risk, I enter into a credit default swap in which I am paid every time (monthly) the bond rating drops to a new low. I have the probabilities ... 0answers 48 views ### First step of Black-Litterman portfolio I tried to implement Black-Litterman model. I have a covariance matrix, market capitalization for each asset. I assume a risk aversion factor to be 10. First I use the following code to get ... 0answers 32 views ### NDF Formula for Implied Yield Good day, I have inputs: Spot Rate USD/UAH - 26.40. Term - 1M Bid 26.90 Ask 27.70 Bid Yield 23.40 % Ask Yield 58.90 % I have no idea how yield is computing, what formula should I use ? Thanks 0answers 42 views ### Spread Return and Mean Reversion Model http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2399915 The above paper proposes an interesting method for modeling credit spreads. I have tried to implement it in R but keep obtaining unrealistic ... 0answers 18 views ### DOL (Department of labour) API does not showing most recent results when requested instead shows unauthorized I have recently been experimenting with backtesting swing trading FX strategies using quandl economic data and now that the time to deploy these models has arrived I have signed up for a developer ... 0answers 20 views ### Can one company pays more corporate income tax then it earns? PWC has made an interactive table (include 189 countries), about the the number of payments what the companies have to pay in one country. The table shows that how many percentage of their profit have ... 0answers 43 views ### LSTM w/dropout Peer-reviewed or other authoritative lit for time-series/financial econometrics/Teh stock price/volatility/etc So, I've been looking on Google Scholar for stuff using Long Short-Term Memory neural nets for time series. I was inspired by the interview with this 2nd place finisher in a recent Kaggle major: ... 0answers 17 views ### Correlation coefficient for different functions Can somebody explain the correlation coefficient values for the following set of functions$x and \$y? -Independent Functions -Asymptotically Dependent Functions -Marginal Functions -Normally ...

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