# All Questions

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### Factoring risk premium in to Forward Rate calculation

This is a self study question. I'm calculating a forward rate. Specifically, I have that in a country X, the Spot Rate is 5X/1US. I also have that the 1 year interest rate is 13% in country X and ...
101 views

### Data provider for daily futures settlement prices

Is there a data provider that has historical daily settlement prices for download? I'm interested in a provider that spans multiple exchanges.
84 views

### Best simplified way to model volatility in returns of an investment in a risky fixed income asset

I am currently working on a project where I have analyzed a certain category of fixd income instruments, and I now have the gross aggregate yield as well as the theoretical gross-aggregate ...
47 views

### Delta and gamma neutral

A financial institution currently has a portfolio with delta of 450 and gamma of 6,000. A traded option is available with a delta of 0.6 and a gamma of 1.5. How could the portfolio be made both delta ...
43 views

### What is the current lowest possible latency for TCP communication?

I have two machines over a 10Gb network that need to communicate with each other through a TCP connection. In terms of technology, what is the current lowest latency possible for this to happen? What ...
20 views

### “For any random variable $X$, someone will be willing to buy and someone to sell a financial instrument, whose final payoff is $X$.”

we will assume that for any random variable $X:\Omega\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$, some investor will be willing to buy and some investor will be willing to sell a 'financial instrument' whose final ...
8 views

### Gamma derivation from Expectation principle

I'm currently working on the problem of differentiation under the expectation sign and I want to establish Gamma that way. I know it's tedious but for the sake of my thesis I wanted to show this. Say ...
12 views

### Market risk calculation for Fixed income position

I have come across a somewhat strange formula (atleast to me) for Value at Risk calculation for a Bond position. This typical formula looks like below: PnL = Beta * "Some industry Credit spread" * ...
37 views

### Book recommendation for credit risk management for banking

What is a good beginner book on the topic of Credit Risk management for banking? I am a credit risk systems developer and most of my knowledge is in IT systems and programs that support the credit ...
43 views

### asian option – exotic option – real data, authentic examples?

I would be pleased if any of You can give me the real example of an asian option (or other exotic option) that is being traded or that is offered by some institution. I have been searching the whole ...
76 views

### Models crumbling down due to negative (nominal) interest rates

Dear Stackexchange users, given that the negative interest rates on a lot of sovereign bonds with maturity under 10 years are trading in the negative (nominal) interest rate territory (recently also ...
54 views

### PEGY Ratio: Does it make sense?

PEGY ratio is calculated as PE ratio/(Earnings Growth Rate + Dividend Yield). Putting aside the discussion of whether forward or trailing P/E ratio should be used, isn't adding dividend yield over ...
254 views

### How to eliminate border effects on Wavelet denoising?

After reading a few references here to wavelets, I'm trying to denoise (or at least 'compress') a time-series of forex prices using a Daubechy04 wavelet (forward tranform, 8 most important (in ...
37 views

### Where do I find a good data model for CDS

Tasked with implementing software that deals with CDS's what is the best place to get the data fields required to properly represent one. Found the definition in FBML but seems somewhat excessive: ...
327 views

### Empirical copula

I am trying to find the empirical copula linking two random variables $X$ and $Y$. I have some data available but it's limited with respect to the variable $Y$ and I am not convinced it's enough data ...
86 views

### Why future (forward) volatility smile is important to path dependent option?

I was wondering why future volatility smile is important to path dependent option and American type option such as Bermudan swaption. It would be best if someone could provide a reference article as ...
72 views

### Simulating Brownian motion with jumps

I am trying to improve my understanding of jump processes. As a first step, I want to simulate sample paths for the process $$dX(t) = dw(t) + dJ(t)$$ where $dw(t)$ is a Brownian motion and $dJ(t)$ ...
38 views

### What is the relationship between arithmetic versus geometric averages and simple versus logarithmic prices?

I know that the geometric mean is used in order to make percentage returns across time comparable. Similarly, I know that log prices make percentage returns comparable for example when prices are ...
56 views

### Opensource marketdata reference data for retail market

I'm not sure if this is the correct place to post this - but here goes: I have been working on a project for the last few years, during which I have come up with a set of components with the ...
57 views

### Semi-variance/Downside Risk, what about the rest of the covariance matrix?

I just bumped into a rather interesting article from wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downside_risk where they define the semi-variance also called Downside risk, which bascially only ...
36 views

### Relationship between ADR in USD and original stock in GBP - Drift in price

For tax reasons, I switched a position I had in the HSBC London GBP listing into the USD ADR. The ADR represents 5 shares of the GBP listing. My understanding was that since at all times 1 ADR = 5 UK ...
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### Machine learning to build top 3 price scenarios over n days

I have a time series of closing prices for a given stock. I would like to formulate possible future scenarios for the price. My intention is not to use these "likely" scenarios to take any position. ...
625 views

### Volatility of a rolling window strategy

What methods can be applied to determine the volatility of strategy using a rolling window? Using normal standard deviation would bias the results as the returns will be highly correlated. Although, ...
624 views

### How to estimate market integration parameter in Singer-Terhaar model for E(r)?

Singer-Terhaar is part of CFA II and III curriculum. It estimates risk premium for some asset, traded at some local market, as weighted average of expected premiums for the case of (1) local market, ...
226 views

### Why the expected return rate of a stock has nothing to do with its option price?

OK, I admit that this is a frequently asked question. But I couldn't find a satisfying answer after I read the explanations of books, went through the derivations of B-S formula, and searched answers ...
39 views

### Modelling turnovers with a random walk. Is it right?

I need to analyse a bunch of weekly time series that reflect the turnovers of various companies. I already read that return rates or share prices show stochastic patterns that can be modelled by a ...
43 views

I am writing my Thesis about hedge funds performance measurement and I want to use the seven factor model proposed by Fung & Hsieh (2004). Now, I am struggling to find out how to calculate the ...
377 views

### Calculating Bollinger Band Correctly

My bollinger band comes out like the below, which doesn't seem right. Any idea what is wrong with my code for calculating upper and lower bollinber bands? I obtained my data from here ...
414 views

### Correctly applying GARCH in Python

Problem: Correct usage of GARCH(1,1) Aim of research: Forecasting volatility/variance. Tools used: Python Instrument: SPX (specifically adjusted close prices) Reference material: On Estimation of ...
122 views
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### Discrete Trading to reduce speculation

I recently read a paper by Terje Lensberg (2014) "Costs and benefits of financial regulation: Short-selling bans and transaction taxes" where he analyzed the effects of financial regulation (short ...
103 views

### New ways of communicating risk

One of the scapegoats of the financial crisis was value at risk. Still communicating risks effectively to clients is a big challenge and hugely important (also to keep your job as a quant!) In this ...
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15k views

### What are some useful approximations to the Black-Scholes formula?

Let the Black-Scholes formula be defined as the function $f(S, X, T, r, v)$. I'm curious about functions that are computationally simpler than the Black-Scholes that yields results that approximate ...
296 views

### Is a stationary process necessarily mean-reverting?

Intuitively, a stationary stochastic process needs to be mean-reverting. This should follow immediately from the definition of stationarity: the mean of the process needs to be constant over time, so ...
105 views

### Kalman filtering

Is it possible to the extract the latent factor f from the following equations using kalman smoothing? f is the unobserved state value while z is observed series. From the literature i could read ...
51 views

### Spread over LIBOR on a Equity Swap

Does anyone how banks determine the spread over LIBOR on a Equity Swap? Example: Party A pays the return on SPTR to Party B Party B pays 1M LIBOR + 40 bps to Party A Does anyone know how the 40 ...
56 views

### How to get Multivariate Betas from an Estimated EWMA co variance Matrix?

I have a portfolio of 4 assets. I also have returns for 3 indices. I want to get the multivariate betas for these 4 assets-based on these assets. I only have the 7 x 7 covariance matrix estimated by a ...
91 views

### The Law of One Price in a discrete model

The following question assumes familiarity with the discrete model described in chapter 5 of Steven Roman's "Introduction to the Mathematics of Finance", 2nd edition, Springer 2012. I will not ...
19 views

### Hypothetical actuary working with a life company

If you are an actuary with a life company, how would you show that your capital assessment complies with the rules of Solvency II (or related regulations) that stipulate the minimum of capital that ...