# All Questions

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### What is the theoretical expected growth in an option's value over a given period of time?

Say an option with five years left before maturity has a value of $x$ today. Theoretically, under the B/S framework, what is its expected value in five years (upon maturity)? Do we assume it will ...
90 views

### dynamic Markowitz portfolio

Let's take 4 assets, whose values are known during a period of time of 2 years. Then I calculate the expected returns for each of these 4 assets thanks to these 2 years - historical data. I deduce the ...
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### Range accruals - distribution of $n/m$

Say we are pricing a range accrual that pays $4\% * n/m$, where $n =$ # days in the period where libor $>3\%$, and $m =$ total # days in the period. Assume that we have a flat forward curve at $3\%$...
51 views

### Delta hedge compound option

Delta hedge portfolio should be adjusted from one period to the other, as the ratio changes. How does it work with compound options though? Suppose, I have a put on a call option on a stock, in 2 time ...
56 views

### Equivalency of FX forwards and FX fixed for fixed swaps? Are they still the same under multiple curves environment?

I am encountering two approaches for valuation of FX swaps (fixed for fixed, e.g. fixed USD payments for fixed EUR payments) which seem to result into different values although in theory they should ...
147 views

### Appropriate measure of risk if return are not normally distributed

Normally standard deviation of an assets is used as an proxy for the risk in the financial market. In reality distribution of return is more peaked at the center and higher mass in the tail as ...
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### Is order flow imbalance more or less correlated with price movements at slower frequency?

Suppose I define order flow imbalance as volume(aggress buy)/volume(aggress sell), or some variant of that. Is this variable more, or less, correlated with price movements when I sample less ...
38 views

### Analytical Bond Price under Rendlemen-Bartter?

Assuming the short rate $r_t$ follows the risk-neutral (so $W_t$ is a $Q$-Brownian motion) process $$dr_t = ar_t dt + \sigma r_t dW_t,$$ does anyone know of an analytical bond price formula? We ...
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### Why QuantLib assumes zero rates to discount factor is continuous?

https://github.com/lballabio/QuantLib/blob/0ec43027834220baf0a554d68de79a159a2c5489/ql/termstructures/yield/zeroyieldstructure.hpp ...
36 views

### Is an FX forward with delayed settlement still a derivative?

As an example: Trade date: 1/1/16 Maturity date: 2/29/16 Settlement (exchange of currencies) 3/31/16 Is the instrument between 2/29 and 3/31 still deemed a forward? The forward rate is determined so ...
85 views

### Bank discount yield and money market yield

I have a question regarding Bank Discount Yield and Money Market Yield for US TBill. Some books mentioned that ...
29 views

### Binomial Model, Number of nodes from $t = 0$ to $t = n$

How many paths are there in a binomial model from time $t = 0$ to time $t = n$? How many nodes (states) are there? Intutively it seems that there are $2^n$ paths and $2n - 1$ nodes. But I am not sure ...
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### Difference in implied volatility calculation

I've been using vollib to calculate IV, but my answers have been different by tenths from other sources like NASDAQ and Yahoo. The answers range +- 0.5, sometimes even more. The inputs are: $S$ (...
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### Which studies should be replicated?

In psychology voting on which studies should be replicated is established on a website. For economics, including financial economics, the ReplicationWiki (that I founded) offers a voting option but it ...
35 views

### Are there alternatives to the Box-Tiao decomposition in identifying mean reverting portfolios?

As documented in this paper, Box-Tiao decomposition (a way to decompose multiple time series into components with different speeds of mean reversion) can be used to identify mean reverting portfolios. ...
178 views

### Historical volatility on bloomberg API

Is there a way to obtain the historical volatility of a stock from the bloomberg API? I would be looking for the data in the HVT table. Actually 3-months historical volatility from now would be enough....
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While calculating insider abnormal returns, closing prices of securities are generally used. We take the actual ex post return of the security i on time t, minus the expected normal return for the ...
141 views

### How necessary is real analysis and complex analysis for trading at hedge fund levels?

As the title states, I am basically wanting to know the applications of real/complex analysis in finance. How important are such high levels of math ? I can obviously see how things such as ...
55 views

### Rblpapi millisecond resolution

I'm using Rblapi to get tick data, using the nice getTicks function. Much to my dismay the index is rounded to the second, while milliseconds time stamp could be provided. Tried returnsAs xts, fts(?) ...
196 views

### Where can I find best end of day option data? [duplicate]

Looking for accurate end of day option data. Preferably with Greeks. Any recommendations?
51 views

### Where can I find free single-day charts for the S&P 500?

I'm trying to find free historical charts of the S&P 500. I don't need the raw data, I just need to access a simple chart showing the movement of the index over the course of the day (for an ...
89 views

### Approximation of an option price

The value of an option in the money is 11.50 Euros. The parameters of the market are: -The price of the underlying stock: 81.4 Euros. -The volatility ofthe underlying is : 34.65 % The ...
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### Data on interest rate differentials (lending on own vs. foreign currency)

I'm looking for data on (inner country) interest rate differentials between lending in own and foreign currency. Is there any data publicly available? If yes, where? If not, which non-free sources are ...
75 views

### Strategies on steepen yield curve

Believe that the yield curve is going to steepen very soon. It may be fall in short-term rates, a rise in long-term rates, or some combination of these. What strategy should we pursue in the bond ...
21 views

### How would MTM an interest only currency swap affect its valuation?

Not sure how a central clearing house that marks an interest only currency swap between two parties to market everyday would effect the currency swap's price. Any ideas?
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### Transaction costs estimate for investment strategy

I'm examining a strategy based on profitability. I sort UK stock into 10 portfolios based on their gross profits-to-total assets ratio. Then, I create long-short portfolios by subtracting the high ...
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### Information on Weather Derivatives

I am looking for relevant information on the organization of the Weather Derivatives market. How is it organized? How information is shared? Where can we find historical database? I am aware of the ...
149 views

### Libor Market Model Calibration

Currently I am doing a research on the plain vanilla multi-curve framework Libor Market Model meaning that no stochastic volatility is involved. I had the idea to calibrate to the swaption market. In ...
227 views

### Correct Alphabet (Google) market cap calculation?

Given the definition: ...
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### RiskMetrics VaR Volatility Sample Size

RiskMetrics calculates volatility using an exponentially weighted moving average. For a decay factor of 0.94, they advise a sample size of 74 past returns. Does this mean the entire calculation should ...
93 views

### Price of an equity

An equity has a value of 100 Euros, and pay a dividend of 5 Euros in 6 months. The interest rate of 6 months is 5% and the interest rate for 1 year is 6%. I would like to compute the value of the ...
54 views

### ABS vs covered bonds vs CDO [closed]

What is the difference between asset-backed securities(ABS), covered bonds and collateralized debt obligations (CDO)?
162 views

### Differences in EIOPA S.06.02.0x QRTs (Assets D1 in 2016)

As per the COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2015/2450 (published 31DEC2015) I can see that S.06.02.01 QRT relates to Quarterly (or annual if exempt) quantitative templates for individual ...
155 views

### Black Scholes Constant Implied Volatility

I hope someone can clarify my ideas about the constant implied volatility in the classical Black Scholes framework. As well known, market practitioners quote the prices of vanilla call and put ...
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### Modeling Financial Assets

Let $\tilde{W}_t := (1+R)^{-t}W_t$ and $\tilde{S}_t := (1+R)^{-t}S_t$ be respectively discounted wealth process and discounted asset price. Then, show that \tilde{W}_t = w_0 + \sum_{i=1}^{t}\Delta_i(...
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### Vega in a “constant volatility” Black-Scholes world?

A little confused, I consulted the Wilmott forums for guidance on how I can interpret vega/vomma. Another user's post reminded me that the Black-Scholes model assumes that the underlying has constant ...
28 views

### Market standards

Having a high quality pricing models is one of the main expectation of people working in finance, in fact the pricing models delivered should be proved to be accurate, following the latest market ...
61 views

### Looking for an algorithm to generate (dummy) share price data

Is there an easy-ish way I can generate "dummy" share price data for the purposes of data visualisation techniques etc.? Essentially I want to have something like the "Adventure Works" of price data. ...
49 views

### For a square-root process (CIR), how to verify the characteristic function of the transition density?

I am trying to solve a financial mathematical question. I derived PDE (a) for the characteristic function as follows. But, I don't know how to verify the following characteristic function of the ...
156 views

### Discrepancy between binomial model, Black-Scholes and Monte-Carlo Simulation

I try to use Monte-Carlo Simulation to price a 10-year call option. Based on below parameter, S = 1, X = 1, volatility = 80%, T = 10, risk-free rate = 0.22% The option value based on Monte-Carlo ...
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### Portfolio optimization

first I just hope that this question is in the right place. I have started working on portfolio optimization and the formulation of the problem and their solution : For example in the Markowitz ...
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### Modified average swap

I have an instrument that is a swap over the SMK6 that at expiry (it has only one cashflow) pays the difference between the average daily Price of the underlying and the actual Price. The average ...
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### Risk-neutral probabilities

I will use this theorem 3.2 from the book "Quantitative modeling of Derivative Securities" by Marco Avellandea: Theorem 3.2 - Assume that there is no arbitrage, i.e. there exists a risk neutral ...
131 views

### Example of options that cannot be priced with least-square Monte Carlo

Can you give some example of options that cannot be priced with least-square Monte Carlo? Intuitively, this is any option for which a payoff depends on a previous exercise decision. It's relatively ...
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### How to appropriately measure volatility in assets with different execution dates?

Let's say I have two assets and I am hedging them with going short on two other assets. Let's say that asset 1 is expected to expire in one day and asset two is expected to expire in two days. Let's ...
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### For a call option, what is the real-world probability of expiring in-the-money?

In the Black-Scholes world, the risk-neutral probability of expiring in-the-money is given by N(d2). Can I just replace the risk-free rate by the drift rate to obtain real world probabilities? Thank ...
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### Building PD model using Moody's Historical default rates

I want to build a Probability of default model using moody's cumulative default rates. I was trying to calculate the average default intensity rate and from there I dont know where to go. Example : ...
161 views

### Matlab code for equally weighted portfolio

I have daily returns of 10 stocks. I need to construct an equally weighted portfolio that goes long in the 3 highest returns and short in the 3 lowest returns. The portfolio needs to be re-balanced ...