# All Questions

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### Leverage and Drawdown

What are the risks of deleveraging a leveraged long/short equity portfolio when going into a drawdown at certain drawdown stops, like deleveraging by 30% when breaching a -5% drawdown, deleveraging a ...
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### What does the difference between YTM of an inflation linked treasury bond and a comparable treasury bond represent?

I'm trying to understand yield to maturity of treasury bonds. For example, I have a 20 year inflation linked treasury bond which pays a inflation linked spread over a given fixed rate, and a 20 year ...
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### How to set the mean matrix in fPortfolio package in R

I'm doing a mean-variance analysis of 5 ETF's and insted of using the sample mean i used a time series model to forecast it. I want to do a backtest of a tangency portfolio getting the weights with ...
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### EUR issuance using forwards to hedge FX risk

Trying to think about the right way to hedge a EUR denominated issuance from FX risk only. Say I have an annual pay 20-year EUR bond and I want to hedge the FX risk but take the interest rate risk. I ...
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### Can call options be priced with Least-Squares Monte Carlo?

I have been reading about Least-Squares Monte Carlo (using Longstaff & Schwartz algorithm) for option pricing. So far, I have only read examples that uses LSMC for american/bermudan PUT options ...
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### Bayesian analysis in R: Probability of default, low default portfolios

I want to apply the knowledge of this paper (Bayesian estimation of probabilities of default for low default portfolios, by Dirk Tasche) in R, but I can't find the right bayesian package and functions ...
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### Continous-time portfolio allocation optimization for a given consumption rate

I have the following PDE $0 = V_t - c(t)V_x - \lambda^2 V_x^2/V_{xx} + rxV_x + 1/2\lambda^2x^2V_{xx}$ where $t\mapsto c(t)$ is some given function and $r,\lambda$ are given constants. If necessary, ...
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### Discount factor

Suppose we have : $r$ - zero coupon rate, constant over time, $n$ - a number of years (an integer), $\theta$ - a fraction of a year $(\theta < 1)$ , calculated with the relevant day count ...
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### Intraday return and volatility figures some sense check

Some questions about intraday returns and volatility figures. It is with the objective of sense checking. Firstly, for Security A, I am calculating the five minute interval return numbers over 29500 ...
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### Find the solutions of the ODE from SDE

Consider the SDE $$dS_t = rS_t dt + \sigma S_t dB_t \ \ \ \text{where} \ r \ \text{and} \ \sigma \ \text{are constants}$$ a.) Find the ODE for the function $V(x)$ such that $e^{-rt}V(S_t)$ is ...
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### Understanding Quandl Futures Data

I'm interested in learning how to adjust my own futures contracts for analysis. Unfortunately my quantitative classes didn't really go into this, and I would like to learn it on my own. The methods ...
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I'm an engineer doing academic research for my master thesis in the area of quantitative finance, basically the purpose is to study the possibility to create an intraday-trading algorithm. I've tried ...
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### What to use as portfolio diversification measure?

Suppose that we have a portfolio of $n$ assets. A perfectly diversified portfolio is one in which each asset has equal weights, i.e. each asset has weight $\frac{1}{n}$. Of course this is usually not ...
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### Cost of rolling futures contracts

Futures are traded on margin, so that the P&L of any open position is realized on the posted margin. To maintain a constant exposure to the future, an expiring contract needs to be rolled into a ...
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### Making apriori Statements on VaR Backtests with a Garch Modelled VaR

so I want to find out, if its possible to find out for any backtest for the Value at Risk(Kupics POF or Christophersen's Markov Test), if it is possible to make apriori Statements on Testing results ( ...
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### Best practice for international Fama-French analysis

First I have to admit that I have never been really good at thinking about the implications of investments in different currencies. I don't know why but it makes my head spin, this is why I am no FX ...
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### FX Statistical Arbitrage Strategy [closed]

I have had experience creating stat arb strategies for equities and etfs, but haven't dabbled much into FX trading. I was wondering if anyone knew any resources online they would suggest, or could ...
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### Find the PDE for a function that makes it a martingale

Given the SDE, find the PDE for the function $V(t,x)$ such that $V(t,S_t)$ is a martingale. $dS_t = \kappa(m - S_t)dt + \sigma\sqrt{S_t}dB_t$ where $\kappa$,$m$, and $\sigma$ are constants. ...
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### Why use Moody's KMV EDF for one year

If I were to use Moody's KMV proprietary database with expected default frequqncies(EDF) for sectors and countries, along with aggregations for financials and non-financials, significant banks etc: ...
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### Why are futures valueless?

I understand that futures exchanges are set up in such a way that traders don't pay cash in order to assume a long position on a futures contract; they simply "enter into" the contract, essentially ...
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### Monte Carlo Option Pricing: Averaging Price Per Path

In Glasserman's book, he computes the price of an option by first computing the average price over each simulated price path. Once all the paths have been simulated, the average of all the payoffs is ...
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### Multi-factor APT model in practice: non-zero mean factors, observations needed and portfolios

I'm going to build a multi-factor APT model for the Swiss market starting from the work made by Chen, Roll and Ross (to which I will add and test some additional factors). I have some doubts though: ...
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### Swap curve and short maturities

Consider USD Libor 3M swap curve. There are different maturities: 2d, 1m, 3m, 6m, 9m, 1y, 18m etc. The values for 3m, 6m, 9m etc. time buckets are just swap rates for swaps with floating leg equal ...
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### IV of stocks vs IV of options

As for as I have seen, Implied volatility of stocks are easy to understand as there will always be a peak and fall(usually on earnings announcement dates). The magnitude differs but the wave pattern ...
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First and foremost thank you for reading my question, I hope all if you have a Happy Holiday this weekend. On to my question: I am completing an assignment on global sovereign bonds, I've been ...
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### Calculating half life of mean reverting series with python

I am currently attempting to calculate the halflife of a mean reverting series using python programming language and the theory of the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. I have a series which when plotted ...
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### Proving the convexity of put price [duplicate]

Prove that the price of the European put option is a convex function of the strike price in one-step binomial model. In other words, if $P_E(X)$ is the price of the European put option in one-step ...
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### What is the arbitrage opportunity in this simple one-period market?

I have a single period market, and three states, and I have 3 risky assets. I assume no interest. So I have three states $\Omega=\{\omega_1,\omega_2,\omega_3\}$. All assets start with the value 1, ...
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### Portfolio replication option pricing: Money market position

Why when replicating a call option, the money market position (bond, risk free investment) is negative and when replicating a call option, the money market position is positive? Please explain ...
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### Put-on-call option confusion

So the question asks: Given a 3-steps Binomial Tree model with $S(0) = 50$, $U = 20%,D = 􀀀20%$, and $R = 5%$. A European call option has the strike price $X = 40$ and maturity time $T = 3$. Also, a ...
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### Bilateral Counterparty risk

Why do counterparty risk pricing adjustments need be considered in a bilateral counterparty risk perspective? Thanks
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### How to calculate the NPV (Net present Value) in this question? [closed]

A company pays £1,200,000 to purchase a property. The company pays £30,000 at the end of each of the next six months to renovate the property. At the end of the eighth month the company sells the ...
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### How to construct a cointegrating vector using more than 2 price series in R?

I use now this code from hier Why does the following data fail my cointegration test? with slightly modification of possibility to load something directly from Dropbox file storage . ...
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### Replication strategy of European call option

So the question asks: L et $S(0) = 120$ dollars, $u = 0.2$, $d = −0.1$ and $r = 0.1$. Consider a call option with strike price $X = 120$ dollars and exercise time $T = 2$. Find the option price and ...
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### Connecting Call price computed discretely to call price computed under continuous time case

I want to connect the call premiums calculated discretely via the binomial pricing method to the Black-Scholes-Merton formula for the call premium which applies to continuous time case. The framework ...
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### Put call parity: when are the premiums the same?

Please explain why put call parity could be compared to the payoff of a long forward contract. ie. $C_E-P_E=V_X(0)$ where $C_E,P_E$ are the call/put premiums and $V_X(0)$ is the value of a long ...
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### What qualifications do the traders have that quants don't?

What qualifications do the traders have that quants don't? I know that they are not expected to know as much math, but that can't be it, can it? (I'm not in finance, nor am I really planning to go ...
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### Calculating portfolio returns from a dynamic, optimal re-balancing strategy

I am calculating a dynamic strategy with optimal re-balancing as in here. As a result of maximizing the expected utility function I obtain the weight for the risky asset in period $t=0$. All such ...
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### What are appropriate algorithms for forecasting contract schedules to maximize profit?

Imagine a situation where a business negotiates contracts for the maintenance of widgets it sells. Situation Customer buys 20 widgets. Customer negotiates contract for widgets to be serviced/...
A Geometric Brownian motion satisfying the SDE $dS_t = rS_t dt+\sigma S_t dW_t$ has the analytic solution $$S_t = S_0\exp\left\{\left(r-\frac{\sigma^2}{2}\right)t\right\}\exp\{\sigma W_t\}$$ Recently ...