# All Questions

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### Rate of Return Required on Buying Stocks with Loan

A bank gives a loan $L$ for $m$ months and the monthly interest rate is $i$. The bank requires monthly installments - which I calculate is $I = \frac{L}{m} + Li$. I use this loan to buy ...
190 views

### How to construct the binomial model for European option?

The annual interest rate is 5.3% and the annualized volatility of a non-dividend paying stock over the next six months will be 12.5% (annualized). i) Construct binomial trees of 5, 10 and 30 periods ...
1k views

### IMM rolls: Are there special business day conventions?

If a trade (lets say for example a 'simple' interest rate swap) is using IMM rolls (so the interest calculation periods start and end on IMM Wed dates), are there particular/special business day ...
98 views

### tail correlation during crisis

I am seeking a recommendation for an empirical paper on increased correlations of returns during the 2008 financial crisis, or 'tail correlation' during the crisis, if that is different, or whatever ...
18 views

### historical data for uk unit trusts? [duplicate]

Does anyone know of a free source of historical price data for UK based Unit Trusts and OEICs? At present, I know that Bloomberg has it but charges £1.5k per month. Morningstar is around £6k per ...
253 views

### Relationship in Order Book between S&P500 and S&P500 Futures Contracts [duplicate]

What is the relationship between E-mini SPX futures and the SPX index. Besides the obvious, one is cash the other is a futures product. How does buying/selling in one product influence the other. If ...
78 views

### Difference between Ibovespa full and mini futures contract

What is the difference between the following two Brazilian futures contracts: The Ibovespa Futures Contract The Mini Ibovespa Futures Contract As far as I can tell, both are priced in Brazilian ...
2k views

### Machine Learning vs Regression and/or Why still use the latter?

I come from a different field (Machine learning/AI/data science), but aim to ask a philosophical question with the utmost respect: Why do quantitative financial analysts (analysts/traders/etc.) prefer ...
460 views

### compute sharpe ratio for options?

Calculating sharpe ratio for shares is a straight forward task: (average returns - risk free ) / standard deviation. However i remain baffled as to how to tackle the task for options, can someone ...
130 views

### Credit Rating vs Bond Yield

I am looking for some references on quantifying the dependence between credit rating and bond yield. I have some data (found some Bloomberg indices which give average yield based on credit rating), ...
213 views

### Determine state price vectors?

I have 3 states with two assets, stocks and bonds. The bond has a payoff of 1 in every state of the world. And the stock has a current price of $S_0 = 100$ and ...
199 views

### FIX/FAST packet analyzer

I have a network dump of market data in the FIX/FAST format (transported over UDP). Are there standard pieces of software (similar to Wireshark) that will parse and allow for inspection of the ...
286 views

### How to compare volatility models?

What are the most popular ways to compare volatility models? Suppose I wanted to compare the forecasting accuracy of a GARCH(1,1) model with the historic 30 day volatility. What method should I use? ...
184 views

### Calculating Greeks in Covered Calls?

Just want to confirm whether Delta, Gamma, Theta, Vega will be calculated in the following way? Since we own 100 shares of stock while selling a call we need to subtract greek value from one? right? ...
383 views

### How to Analyze Interbank Lending Market?

I am currently trying to do a study in the interbank lending market, i plan to fit a DCC model to model them, these series below is taken from ...
182 views

### How to think about dollar volume in Eurodollar futures?

This is a very basic question: Computing the notional volume for futures contracts usually consists of something like: $V_F = N * P * M * FX$ Where $V_F$ is the dollar volume of the futures ...
162 views

### put-call parity equation

I'm reading this book and I'm looking at page 4, and we are considering the case where $C_t - P_t - S_t$ is negative, which means that selling the call did not offset the cost of the stock and the put ...
15 views

### Where to find, d/l specific (OCC) historical Option data beyond the free 2 years [duplicate]

The OCC www.optionsclearing.com/‎ provides a nice breakdown for CBOE options data, however they only go back 2 years on any given day. Is there a good not-too-high-cost database one can recommend for ...
2k views

### C# Broker API for FX Trading

I am looking for a broker who provides a free trading API for FX. The goal is to develop at-home algorithms in C# (possibly Qt) to run on a fake portfolio, and then later on real money with ...
95 views

### Greeks of self-financing portfolio

I would like to learn more about the Greeks of portfolios of options: In textbooks and websites, I commonly encounter the unqualified claim that "The Greek measure of a portfolio is the sum of the ...
191 views

### What is a resting limit order? [closed]

What exactly is a resting limit order? I could not find a definition on Wikipedia or Google.
367 views

In this thread, the top answer discusses: "buy on bid, sell on ask" as "market making" strategies. My question is: In layman ...
206 views

### Comparing Backtests of Value-at-Risk and Expected Shortfall

My goal is to test if ES (CVaR) empirically is a better risk measure than VaR for a set of given variables (assumed underlying distribution, confidence level, sample size) for different asset classes. ...
235 views

### How could HFT help increase liquidity? [duplicate]

I have ready in several websites that HFT can help increase market liquidity, although this is contested in some articles. I am not familiar with the concept of market liquidity. What is the basis of ...
2k views

### Risk Neutral Probability

I read that an option prices is the expected value of the payout under the risk neutral probability. Intuitively why is the expectation taken with respect to risk neutral as opposed to the actual ...
56 views

### What are the CMG-relevant banks according to Basel III?

I'm going through Basel III monitoring workbook and instruction. There's one row in "General Info -> A) General Bank Data -> 1) Reporting Data" part: "CMG-relevant: Yes/No?" I wonder what does this ...
232 views

### How to plot custom hourly data into R with quantmod?

I'm trying to get into R because for some personal project, I need R and quantmod to create OHCL charts for me. I'm stuck at the candleChart creation step, and I'm not sure I understand why. Using a ...
139 views

### evaluation of volatility models using loss functions

This question has two parts, What is the state of the art in an academic or public knowledge sense of volatility forecast model evaluation? Since there are many methods out in the wild, and do ...
671 views

### From Fourier Transforms to Option Values

I am trying to understand how Fourier transforms & Characteristics functions can be used to calculate option values. However, I am having difficulty following the process that is used in several ...
148 views

### What is the market impact of OTC trading ETFs?

I read an interesting statement here: "If an ETF’s market price tracks its NAV well, it is likely to have a small market impact. On the other hand, if the market price is more volatile than ...
133 views

### stock option strategies long vs short

What makes an option strategy long or short? I got the impression that if it is a net debit (you pay to open the strategy) it is classified 'long' (strangle, straddle) Then I learned about the call ...
118 views

### Fixed Income free research available online

As from the title, I would like to know where it is possible to find free research focused on fixed income markets' themes and topics, such as interest rates, credit risk related fundamentals, new ...
547 views

### Deriving the par-yield curve

Given for example 6 bond prices and their respective 6 cashflows over a time period of 6 years, I have managed to derive the zero-coupon yield curve using the bootstrap method. However, it got lost ...
253 views

### European Swaptions: does implied volatility of swap rates decreases both with start and tenor?

Does implied volatility of swap rates decreases both with start and tenor? Given a Swaption price and a discount curve I calculate the swap_rate from the curve, then I define implied volatility as ...
45 views

### Valuation of Mortgage Backed floating notes

Does anybody have experience in valuation of mortgage backed floating notes? I have task to value the 4 different MBS floating notes. I know that it should be done through montecarlo, refinancing ...
47 views

### beginner hurst exponent question

2 simple questions about the hurst exponent. I am using the R/s method to calculate and I've been able to logic it out with no prior experience with time series hence my beginner questions. I've ...
257 views

### Semi-strong efficiency and HFT

The semi-strong efficient market hypothesis states that In semi-strong-form efficiency, it is implied that share prices adjust to publicly available new information very rapidly and in an ...
488 views

### How do Order Management/Matching Systems match/allocate orders (and filled prices)?

I am working on an improvement of my company's order allocation system. We run a central Order Management System (OMS) but currently performance attribution from filled orders leaves room for ...
486 views

### IB API quotes and speed

The title says it all. I trade futures options exclusively and wanted to see if anyone had insight into the quote speedsrobustness coming into the API. I'm using the Excel DDE right now just building ...
493 views

### Fama-French 3-factor model: factors implying risk

The Fama-French three-factor risk model is given by $$r=R_f+\beta_m(K_m-R_f) + \beta_s\cdot\mathit{SMB}+\beta_v\cdot\mathit{HML}+\alpha$$ where $r$ is the return, $R_f$ is the risk-free rate, $K_m$ ...
589 views

2k views

### How to normalize stock data

Please advise how can i normalize stock prices. Recently, I've been using such formulas: Log prices = Ln(Close(t)) Close(t)-Mean (Close(t)-Mean)/(StdDev) Ln(Close(t))-Mean Is there any other ...
482 views

### GARCH(1,1) prediction in R - Basic Questions

Background to question: Hi, I was trying to fit a GARCH(1,1) model to the variance of log returns of a series, and ARMA(0,0) for the mean. I was using the fGarch package to do this. The aim of the ...
912 views

### ADF test in R yielding perfect cointegration. How is this possible?

I am using the famous conintegrated pairs tutorial to just different stocks for cointegration. The adf.test yeilds perfect cointegration, which I feel must be incorrect. Here is why: When I run ...
619 views

### Is Vasicek risk neutral?

I am a bit new to this, and am trying to understand the concepts of the risk neutrality in interest-rate models. What I can't seem to understand is why the Vasicek model is risk-neutral? Following ...