# All Questions

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### One-step ahead forecast of a AR(1) process (GARCH context)

I am using a Matlab toolbox for obtaining one-step ahead forecasts of the conditional mean from the ARMA(1,0)-GARCH(1,1) process and I have encountered a piece of code that contains, in my opinion, a ...
98 views

### Estimating profit/loss of a Gold Futures option using Theta and Gamma

HELP! I am trying to find how much the underlying price of a gold futures option must move in order to breakeven on owning an option for a day. I was hoping someone versed in pricing options could ...
97 views

### Futures Parameters for Value at Risk

I am new to risk management. I am calculating the VaR for a portfolio of futures contracts, long and shorts. I calculated it using the historical, parametric, and ...
442 views

### Optimizing Principal Component factor weightings over time

I was given the returns of a cross-asset class portfolio of ETFs and I conducted PCA to obtain factors on dates from T-n, T-3, T-2,..., T. What I would like to do is decompose the market moves from ...
85 views

### Constructing a Brownian motion from a Simple Random Walk

I'm trying to get my head around how a Brownian motion is formed from a simple random walk. I've seen two similar methods used: Why has one approach used $\frac{1}{\sqrt{k}}$ and the other ...
5k views

### Difference between S&P 500 index and S&P 500 Total Return index?

There's the standard S&P 500 index (SPX) and the rarer used S&P 500 Total Return index (SPTR). If you compare graphs, you'll find that the latter grows faster. Supposedly, SPTR assumes ...
71 views

### Portfolio construction

Suppose I have 3 stocks. Their historical returns and some variables like RSI, ATR, EMAs for all 3 of them. The goal is to compute the weights each stock should have in a portfolio. If I do something ...
219 views

### Fitting a non linear AR + GARCH(1,1)-M model

I want to fit the following model to a time series: $$y_{t}=\alpha_{0}+\alpha_{1}y_{t-1}+\alpha_{2}y_{t-1}^{2}+\lambda h_{t}+\varepsilon_{t}$$  ...
185 views

### How to derive this approximation of the risk-neutral expectation of the variance?

On the paper Bollerslev, Tauchen and Zhou (2009 RFS) the authors say about equation (15): The corresponding model implied risk-neutral conditional expectation ...
59 views

### Problem with obtaining densities

For my research I need to obtain a series of densities, however, I am encountering some problems. The first problem is perhaps very simple, but the answer eludes me. Let's say I have an observation ...
83 views

### Notional Value in Equity Options

I have calculated the NPV of an Equity option and need to account the notional for it and have issues understanding the NPV <-> notional relation. Example: Strike price 100 Spot rate: 107.41 NPV ...
4k views

### Option pricing before Black-Scholes

According to the Wikipedia article, Contracts similar to options are believed to have been used since ancient times. In London, puts and "refusals" (calls) first became well-known trading ...
2k views

### Drawbacks of Black-Scholes option pricing model

Will highly appreciate if anybody can provide logical financial proof why the Black-Scholes option pricing model overestimates the value for long-term options as described in this paper "Warren ...
105 views

### Skewed Generalized Error Distribution's (SGED) pdf

I want to use the SGED distribution of Theodossiou for GARCH estimation, however, I am struggling to understand which is the correct pdf function of the distribution. Let me just say that the ...
208 views

### Risk-adjusted performance measurement: Log returns vs. simple returns and geometric vs. arithmetic mean return

I have just simulated 49 weeks of correlated returns on 5 different stocks, assuming returns being lognormally distributed. Next, I am supposed to assume that the simulated 49 weeks of returns ...
33 views

### SAS code for Brownian Motion

I want to simulate call options using monte carlo algorithm. I am a noob SAS user but i know that i need to: -simulate random stock prices with no dividend in respect to different ...
248 views

### Does GARCH derived variance explain the auto-correlation in a time series?

Given a time series of $u_i$ returns where i=1 to t. $\sigma_i$ is calculated from GARCH(1,1) as $\sigma_i^2=w+\alpha u_{i-1}^2 +\beta \sigma_{i-1}^2$ . What is the mathematical basis to say that ...
55 views

### Sharpe ratio with leveraged ETFs

There has been a discussion about how leverage affects Sharpe Ratios, but not in the context of leveraged ETFs (such as 2x or 3x). I'm just wondering how leveraged ETFs, if at all, change the ...
60 views

31 views

### Inflow outflow of money into a stock

http://www.barrons.com/mdc/public/page/2_3022-mfsctrscan-moneyflow.html#weekly Interestingly, for the 1-month DJIA total index, the balance is very close to one. Is there a mathematical explanation ...
33 views

### Translating dates to times

I am using Act/365 day-count convention. How do I compute the time offset between 2/28/2015 and 3/1/2016? 3/1/2017 Some ideas: Direct day count: count number of days between the dates, and divide ...