# All Questions

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### How can i build a portfolio of n assets that maximizes sortino ratio?

I want to construct a portfolio of n assets that maximizes the Sortino ratio. I want to use SOCP for the optimization but cannot formulate the Sortino ratio as a SOCP problem. How can I do this?
1answer
72 views

### Should a strategy backtested against three years of tick data continue to produce positive results?

Let's say we have a Binary Options 5-minute trading strategy that relies on multiple indicators and exploits price reversals in currency pairs. Now let's say there is a combination of inputs for the ...
1answer
50 views

### impact model what volatility to use

I am looking at the market impact paper here (http://www.cims.nyu.edu/~almgren/papers/costestim.pdf) and I had a question about volatility on page 11. On page 11 it is stated: "For volatility, we use ...
1answer
27 views

### Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as substitute benchmark bonds

"The reduction seen in US government debt in the late 1990s has led to a redution in the supply of intermediate and long-term government bonds, and some concern has arisen over this fact. In the ...
1answer
151 views

### Parameters for numerically fitting t-distribution to log-returns

I am fitting the t-distribution to log-returns numerically (not using R, MATLAB, Stata, etc.), but rather using general programming. Assuming the log-return values are $r_t$, and the $t$-variates are ...
1answer
91 views

### How to calculate confidence interval for option price?

I model option prices for European call using Monte Carlo method. What is the proper way to calculate the confidence interval? A. -> Calculate the payoffs (there will be number of zeros as some ...
1answer
86 views

### How to calculate weight of two stocks without knowing their correlation?

I have difficulty to solve attached question. The question asks me to find new weight of stocks by just changing standard deviation of the portfolio. I really do not have any idea how to solve it. ...
1answer
85 views

### Why is my Euler discretization error increasing with number of steps?

I'm trying to see how the Euler discretization error behaves with respect to the number of steps. To do this I'm simulating a geometric brownian motion and comparing it with it's 'exact' solution. ...
0answers
140 views

### Forecasting conditional mean in ARMA-GARCH model (R/Matlab)

I am trying to forecast the conditional mean from a ARMA(1,0)-GARCH(1,1) model. The mean equation in my model is: $x_t = \mu + \delta x_{t-1} + h_t \epsilon_t$ where x is the variable (a return ...
0answers
9 views

### Seasonal ARIMA and choosing order

I've been reading quite a bit on SARIMA models and I'm still confused on a basic point - Do the seasonal and non-seasonal observations come from the SAME series? What I mean by this is, for example, ...
4answers
4k views

### What is an efficient data structure to model order book?

What is an efficient data structure to model order book of prices and quantities to ensure: constant look up iteration in order of prices retrieving best bid and ask in constant time fast quantity ...
2answers
561 views

### Why the difference between SPY and ^GSPC?

Look at SPY vs ^GSPC -- the difference seems bigger than can be explained by the ETF fees. Is it only because of SPY re-invests dividends quarterly or something else? Since ...
0answers
23 views

### Slippage as Transaction Cost

What is a best procedure when to include/not include slippage into a trading model. If you include it in high freuency trading style model, you never make money because slippage eats away all your ...
0answers
102 views

### Order Book Dynamics

I have been following this paper: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1104.4596.pdf The model is especially pertinent as I only have access to L1 data. The model is clear and intuitive and I have implemented the ...
0answers
34 views

### Return, STD and CAPM based on Continuously compound return on daily prices

Mission: For some ETF, Get 1, 3, 5 years: Return STD CAPM parameters (alpha, beta) Reference if I calculated correctly: Yahoo finance performance & risk data Raw data: Daily adj. close ...
0answers
76 views

### Skewed Generalized Error Distribution in GARCH modelling

I am trying to estimate GARCH models with the use of Theodossiou's (2000) Skewed Generalized Error Distribution. I am modifying matlab's ARMAX-GARCH-K toolbox to calculate this model. I am calculating ...
2answers
130 views

### Sharpe Ratio : why the normalization factor?

I try to understand why a $\sqrt{252}$ normalization factor is useful for Sharpe Ratio: Let's compute the Sharpe Ratio for this imaginary portfolio, for various sampling periods: ...
2answers
209 views

### How to trade leveraged ETFs

Leveraged ETFs (LETFs) are known to lose value over time due to the "volatility decay" effect. What're the most common strategies for trading LETFs to take advantage of this volatility effect? Also, ...
1answer
64 views

### Path Dependent Options - Which choice of model?

Can someone please help elaborate/clarify the below statements? I've heard about them from people but would like to know some more detail behind these statements.. - 1) SABR is not useful in pricing ...
1answer
191 views

### Central bank interest rates: are they quoted annualized?

After a little research on interest rates of different countries I figured out that they are more complicated than I thought and the meaning of them varies country by country. For example, the U.S. ...
8answers
7k views

### Why does implied volatility show an inverse relation with strike price when examining option chains?

When looking at option chains, I often notice that the (broker calculated) implied volatility has an inverse relation to the strike price. This seems true both for calls and puts. As a current ...
2answers
234 views

### Pricing when arbitrage is possible through Negative Probabilities or something else

Assume that we have a general one-period market model consisting of d+1 assets and N states. Using a replicating portfolio $\phi$, determine $\Pi(0;X)$, the price of a European call option, with ...
1answer
253 views

### Portfolio Analytics Optimization

I have a large dataset, 10,000 investments I am trying to create an optimized portfolio for. The portfolio has 3 restrictions. Long Only, Only 50 assets can be selected and every invested asset has ...
5answers
6k views

### Implementing data-structures in a Limit order book

I'm working on implementing a 'LOB' and I'm being very careful about choosing my data-structures so as to maximize performance. Using F# as an example, I need to consider a List versus Array for ...
0answers
22 views

### Including intercept and trend in ADF of differenced series

When specifying that the trend and/or intercept be included in the ADF output, does the trend/intercept election follow through to the ADF tests of differenced data as well? To clarify further, I ...
1answer
75 views

### What is the current state of microstructure/order book analysis?

I know it's a broad question, but I'm curious as to the current state of microstructure analysis, specifically whether there's anything 'actionable' that people have discovered. Would also be ...
0answers
109 views

### Bid, Ask and pnl allocation

I am quite new to the field of market making and was asking myself the following question: Suppose I have 2 clients: lets call them client 1 and 2. I'm market maker. Client 1 buys 100 shares from ...
1answer
45 views

### Double no touch option with four barriers

The double no touch (also known as a range binary) is an option with two American barriers. You define one barrier above the underlying asset and one below it. If during the option's lifetime the ...
0answers
99 views

### Is Low-Volatility expensive these days? How can we analyze this?

Low volatility investing became somewhat fashionable in recent years. In general there are two approaches to this Ranking stocks of a certain universe by either stand-alone volatility or by beta and ...
3answers
91 views

### Abritrage when Put Option Greater then Strike Price?

I am having a tough time conceptualizing this question here: Let $P$= Price of European Option, $S$ = Present Price of Option and $K$ = Strike Price. If $P > K$, why does abritrage exist? Assuming ...
1answer
105 views

### How to get the IMM dates in Python for a given symbol?

How can I get an IMM date from its 2 character symbol (eg. "U6", "Z8") in python? I have not been able to install the quantlib addin (it's hard if you aren't tech savy), so please don't point me in ...
1answer
97 views

### Log-likelihood of skew-t distribution

I am trying to estimate GARCH models with the use of Hansen's (1994) skew-t distribution. I am using matlab's ARMAX-GARCH-K toolbox, where the log-likelihood is calculated as: ...
0answers
14 views

### Which rate have to be considered by using multiliteral netting?

I do have a netting structure consisting of four companies (A,B,C,D) and a netting center. The center also takes place in the netting process. The netting center uses the EUR as currency. Company A ...
1answer
149 views

### Long Forward Rate Agreement, short Eurodollar futures

For this question If you are long a FRA and short a ED future with the same fixing dates, do you have positive convexity or negative convexity? The answer is positive convexity, because a ...
0answers
174 views

### How should option prices differ when using the Heston versus the Black-Scholes model?

I am running Monte Carlo simulations for a European Call using Heston Model and I am trying to compare them with prices calculated using Black-Scholes formula. I am not quite sure if the prices I get ...
1answer
34 views

### Value at risk in dollars vs. log returns

I have a quick question about this remark in Tsay's book "Analysis of Financial Time Series" (3rd edition). He says that $$\text{dollar VaR} = \text{Value} \times \text{log return VaR}$$ and that ...
0answers
46 views

### Probability of reversion for cointegrated variables

I ran a Johansen test to figure out the cointegrating relationship between two variables $x$ and $y$, forming the equation $z=ax+by$ using the eigenvectors. The values are computed using from time ...
0answers
60 views

### Determining Strike Price given stock price and option price

I am having a bit of trouble with this problem: Say the current price of a stock is 100 and an individual purchases an in the money option for 10. Using that info, how can you determine what the ...
0answers
13 views

### Magnitude of Predictors on Logistic Regression

We are using logistic regression for calculating delinquency. We know what the major predictors are, but we don't know how to quantify the impact of each of the major predictors. We know how to rank ...
1answer
89 views

### Fed FOMC Target Rate annnouncement machine readable data point

Does anyone know if there is a near-realtime machine-readable feed that reflects the FOMC target rate announcement? The announcement came in today at 2 pm, but I can't find a way to download the ...
0answers
80 views

### Simulating Option Positions VaR with Monte Carlo in Python

I'm trying to calculate VaR for overall option positions. Currently I do a MC simulation for the underlying, and derive the theoretical value of the option from those theoretically. Then I calculate ...
1answer
86 views

### Price of a Stock: What is it?

My limited understanding of stock prices is that according to theoretical arguments, the price of an asset is generally given as:$$P_{A}=E_{0}\,\sum_{t=0}^{\infty}\frac{C_{t}}{(1+r)^{t}}$$ whereby ...
2answers
35 views

I am confused as 2 methods give different answers. The difference lies in the "to the power" numbers for discounting. Example: 2 year semi annual bond (4 periods), $1m annual Coupon Payment, 5% Yield ... 0answers 37 views ### Where can I find bonds time series? I want to study dependence and correlation between bonds and CDS. I have already found a large CDS database of time series there: www.datagrapple.com I am looking for such a similar database (with an ... 1answer 67 views ### PPPN: premium with real market data A few days ago, I posted a question about PPPN's (partially principal protected notes), which can be found here:PPPN: participation rate, stocks and premium. A PPPN in short is a structured product ... 1answer 293 views ### Bloomberg data redistribution policy I've looked through the Bloomberg website, but haven't found any information about available license plans. I'm curious whether it provides any license that allows you to re-distribute data requested ... 1answer 79 views ### How to prove$\int_0^t W_s^2dWs = \frac{1}{3}W_s^3 - \int_0^t W_s ds\$ using Ito's formula? [closed]

Please help me with this problem.
1answer
161 views

### Transforming daily simple returns into weekly

I am trying to transform daily simple returns into weekly returns. I am using the following R code: ...
0answers
18 views

### Interest rate: Treasury Note, Stripped Principal

Ok, So I'm a little confused about this. I want to solve an exercise and derive an optimal product, but in order to do that, I need the interest rates for each of the maturities of my options. I ...
0answers
67 views

### Hedging American Derivative

Reading the book by Andrea Pascucci "PDE and Martingale Methods in Option Pricing", pp. 84, I found something that appears inconsistent to me. It concerns the construction of the optimal portfolio for ...

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