# All Questions

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### Do you know any data source for historical VWAP data?

I am looking for historical VWAP pricing data for north american equities. I haven't been able to find a free/cheap data source. Do you guys know of one ? Also, is there a way to proxy for an equities ...
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### Compute the (Net) Present Value

Let's have a project where we invest 1000 at the beginning of year 1 and 1000 at the beginning of year 2. At the end of year 2 the income is 2200 and the project is closed. Person A discounted with ...
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### Calculate minimum IV increase to offset theta

How would one calculate the minimum implied volatility increase necessary to offset theta decay? IV is typically a percentage, while theta is a dollar value. In theory I think I could look at what ...
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### Determining swaption prices using the characteristic function

There exist multiple techniques to determine call option prices that make use of the characteristic function. These techniques boil down to some integral expression of the option price in terms of the ...
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### Finding the price of an option that will be exercised [duplicate]

I am reposting this question because it was originally unclear, and I didn't get the answers I was hoping for. In my finance book I have the following question T-bills currently yield 5.5 percent. ...
181 views

### Put-Call relationship for Option on Forward

The forward price of a forward contract maturing at time T on an asset with price St at time t is, $$F=S_te^{(r-q)(T-t)}$$ where $r$ is the risk free rate and $q$ is the continuous dividend rate ...
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### Euler discretization of Heston SDE in Mathematica

Below is an implementation of the numerical solution of the Heston SDE using Euler discretization. It takes under a second to run on Mathematica. The calibration parameters give a good fit to the ...
3k views

### Call vs. Put Option

I have two interrelated questions that have been bothering me for some time. I have read all the stuff online and it still doesn't make sense to me: Let us assume: 0% interest rate (both hedge ...
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### Risk Neutral Measure [duplicate]

I have been looking for a good intuitive reasoning for introduction of the risk neutral measure and its uses in quantitative finance, but I have yet to find one. I was wondering if any one could ...
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### Proof of Hamada's Formula (Relationship between levered and unlevered beta)

Hamada's formula is presented as follows: $$\beta_{U}=\left[\frac{1}{1+\frac{D}{E}(1-\tau)}\right]\beta_{L},$$ where $\beta_{U}$ and $\beta_{L}$ are the unlevered and levered beta's of a firm ...
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### Interpreting Johansen co integration test

I am a little new to econometrics. Please pardon me for this silly question. I was running a Johansen cointegration test on two time series using the econometrics toolbox provided by James LeSage for ...
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### Seeking Advice for Exam FM regarding Derivatives Markets

I am taking Exam FM in a week and I was wondering if I could get any advice from people who have recently passed this exam. How much of the derivatives markets question did show up? I am using the ...
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### The danger of using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in Robust Optimization problems

I have received a reviewer's comment on a paper which applies PCA to reduce the size of a problem and the application is in the robust optimization field. The reviewer implies that "In robust ...
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### Change of numeraire and reference asset

Learning about change of numeraire, and came across this statement: The price of any asset divided by a reference asset (called numeraire) is a martingale (no drift) under the measure associated ...
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### How to use the asset covariance matrix for risk analysis in excess returns equation

New here and I have a question that may be very basic but despite my research I cannot connect the dots. I would like to know how to connect the nxn asset covariance matrix for an efficient tangency ...
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### How Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities works?

I recently read some concept about CMBS, and have some questions about it. To make my question clear, here is an example. So say I have a pool of 5 loans that each generate 1000 for 23 months, and ...