# All Questions

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### Are commodities a real assets or a physical assets? [closed]

In CFA Level Reading 45 Commodities include precious metals, energy products, industrial metals, and agricultural products. Real assets are tangible properties such as real estate, airplanes, ...
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### How does risk attitude influence trading? (Bibliography seeking)

I wonder how risk-averse or risk-seeking investors behave in a stock market. Is there any bibliography that deals with that? For example, suppose that we have a risk-averse investor that buys a ...
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### What are the pros and cons of historial and Gaussian approaches to VaR?

What is the difference between historical and Gaussian method of VaR estimation? I know how they are calculated, but what are the pros and cons of each?
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### Understanding skew of SPX - Why does IV of OTM puts increase with strike?

I've been trying to understand the skew I see when looking at the skew of SPX. Here is a snapshot today from thinkorswim. I understand why IV increases for ITM puts -- namely because there is a ...
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### Stressing the going up of LIBOR - Which balance sheet variables to stress?

Analysts expect the LIBOR to rise in the next two years. Hence, all companies that have foreign currency loans will face problems. I am preparing a study on this topic, but data is an extreme issue. ...
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### How to perform portfolio optimization with user-defined expected return and variances using R?

I found some functions for Markowitz mean variance portfolio optimization in R such as portfolio.optim in tseries package. ...
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### How to optimize a portfolio using skewness?

I am trying to do portfolio optimization for 5 stocks taking into account skewness of the portfolio but I am unable to incorporate skewness to the mean variance model. Can anyone please help on how ...
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### SABR Implied Volatility and Option Prices

I am trying to understand SABR model. I am having difficulty to understand how to calibrate ABR a) the initial variance b) the volatility of variance c) the exponent for the forward rate d)the ...
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### Commercial Vendors for Risk Management and Portfolio Optimization and Performance Attribution

So this question is directly about companies such as Axioma, Barra, Northfield, and etc. that provide risk management, portfolio optimization, and performance attribution related services. I want to ...
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### Returning historical yield rates for Mortgage Backed Securities in a Bloomberg Terminal?

Forgive me if this isn't the right place, and direct me to the correct place to post. I've been trying to figure out how to get the yield rates for Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS's) in the United ...
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### Define polynomials of an ARMA process

I just started out with financial time series and I'm a bit stuck with ARMA models. I have the following ARMA process: $-4X_t + X_{t-2} = Z_t + 0.2 Z_{t-1}$ Now I am being asked for the polynomials ...
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### Boundary conditions: Dirichlet vs Neumann

I'm thinking about the interplay of Dirichlet and Neumann BCs in a FDM scheme. Let's assume a simple Black-Scholes call option problem, with BS PDE with constant coefficients, i.e. instead of $S$, in ...
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### Risk-adjusted performance measurement: Log returns vs. simple returns and geometric vs. arithmetic mean return

I have just simulated 49 weeks of correlated returns on 5 different stocks, assuming returns being lognormally distributed. Next, I am supposed to assume that the simulated 49 weeks of returns ...
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### CFD - how does it work?

I'm trying to understand how CFD works. I have question about market maker. Who is market maker for CFD? Is it a company which provide a trading platform or any stock exchange? EDIT01 @noob2 thanks ...