# All Questions

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### How to compute the Radon-Nikodym derivative?

Suppose $B(t)$ is a standard Brownian motion, and $B_{1}(t)$ is given by $dB_{1}(t)=\mu dt+dB(t)$. Suppose $P$ is the Wiener measure induced by $B(t)$ on the $C[0,\infty)$, and $P_{1}$ is the Law ...
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### What happens at market open when there is a reverse spread during preopen?

During pre-open When checking the depth of one particularly bullish stock I am following (NZE:XRO went up 200% this year and 12% yesterday) I saw that the BUYs were much higher than the ASKs by about ...
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### Consensus on Cauchy distribution for stock prices

What is the general consensus for using a Cauchy distribution to model stock prices? I can't find much after researching online and wonder if it has been tried and discarded. My motivation is to find ...
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### Quantitative finance mentality for success [closed]

I have a strong statistical background (particularly in Time Series analysis) and previously have spent a lot of time modelling sports, Baseball in particular. After reading "Analysis of Financial ...
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### What is the stochastic differential of a general semimartingale?

By using the canonical representation of a semimartingale in Eberlein, Glau and Papapantoleon's "Analysis of Fourier Transform Valuation Formulas and Applications", on page 3: H = B + H^c + h(x) ...
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### Risks of issuing an Autocallable Note

Let's say that I'm issuing an Autocallable Note with the following features: Underlying: FTSE 100 Autocall Observation Frequency: Annual Observation Autocall Level: 100% of Initial Level of FTSE ...
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### Is the risk-reward ratio considered in Quantitative Finance?

Many discretionary traders swear by risk-reward ratio, as in "The minimum risk-reward ratio for a Forex trade is 1:2." Do quantative traders use risk-to-reward ratio as well? If so, how do you ...
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### How to value VIX Option?

Could someone tell me a common method for pricing VIX Options please? Do I need to use a Stochastic Vol Model? Or Local Vol Model is suitable as well? Should the model be modelling S&P 500 and ...
190 views

### How to properly take averages to reduce data in regression/panel data analysis

I'm trying to do a regression on my panel data. Say I have T=3500 days of data and N=125 firms. Since Matlab get's major memory issues (which I try to prevent by the usual solutions as seen on the ...
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### Trouble arriving at Black-Scholes Formula

I am attempting to arrive at the Black-Scholes formula for my own understanding. I can accept one can use the risk-free distribution & rate, so I am attempting to use the distrution to arrive at ...
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### why does graphic of log differenced of renminbi look similar to hkd?

this is CNY to US$this is HKD to US$ while below are the log differenced of both graph above you can see tha apparent similarity on the mid of graph i thought that they were managed by ...
318 views

### Risk-free investment strategy for european call and put option

I have some trouble solving the following question: We have an european call and put option (with the same maturity date $T$ en strike $E=10$). The stock price now is $S=11$ and we use a continuous ...
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### Algorithm to fit AR(1)/GARCH(1,1) model of log-returns

I am fitting numerically an AR(1)/GARCH(1,1) process to index and stock log-returns, $r_t=\log(P_t/P_{t-1})$, where $P_t$ is the price at time $t$, and thus far am not clear on where the observed log ...
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### For pricing, what types of Exotic Options are suitable using Local Volatility Model / Stochastic Volatility Model?

I understand that Stochastic Vol Models should be used when Exotic Option payoff is Volatility dependent (such as Variance Swaps and Volatility Swaps). Stochastic Vol Models should also be used when ...
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### Black-Scholes: Why the focus on volatility?

We know Black-Scholes is an imperfect model for options pricing. Why is so much of the analysis of its defects focused on implied volatility? The fact that IV varies for the same stock at the same ...
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### C# Broker API for FX Trading

I am looking for a broker who provides a free trading API for FX. The goal is to develop at-home algorithms in C# (possibly Qt) to run on a fake portfolio, and then later on real money with ...
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### Greeks of self-financing portfolio

I would like to learn more about the Greeks of portfolios of options: In textbooks and websites, I commonly encounter the unqualified claim that "The Greek measure of a portfolio is the sum of the ...
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### What is a resting limit order? [closed]

What exactly is a resting limit order? I could not find a definition on Wikipedia or Google.
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In this thread, the top answer discusses: "buy on bid, sell on ask" as "market making" strategies. My question is: In layman ...
217 views

### Comparing Backtests of Value-at-Risk and Expected Shortfall

My goal is to test if ES (CVaR) empirically is a better risk measure than VaR for a set of given variables (assumed underlying distribution, confidence level, sample size) for different asset classes. ...
258 views

### How could HFT help increase liquidity? [duplicate]

I have ready in several websites that HFT can help increase market liquidity, although this is contested in some articles. I am not familiar with the concept of market liquidity. What is the basis of ...
2k views

### Risk Neutral Probability

I read that an option prices is the expected value of the payout under the risk neutral probability. Intuitively why is the expectation taken with respect to risk neutral as opposed to the actual ...
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### What are the CMG-relevant banks according to Basel III?

I'm going through Basel III monitoring workbook and instruction. There's one row in "General Info -> A) General Bank Data -> 1) Reporting Data" part: "CMG-relevant: Yes/No?" I wonder what does this ...
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### How to plot custom hourly data into R with quantmod?

I'm trying to get into R because for some personal project, I need R and quantmod to create OHCL charts for me. I'm stuck at the candleChart creation step, and I'm not sure I understand why. Using a ...
143 views

### evaluation of volatility models using loss functions

This question has two parts, What is the state of the art in an academic or public knowledge sense of volatility forecast model evaluation? Since there are many methods out in the wild, and do ...
699 views

### From Fourier Transforms to Option Values

I am trying to understand how Fourier transforms & Characteristics functions can be used to calculate option values. However, I am having difficulty following the process that is used in several ...
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### What is the market impact of OTC trading ETFs?

I read an interesting statement here: "If an ETF’s market price tracks its NAV well, it is likely to have a small market impact. On the other hand, if the market price is more volatile than ...
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### stock option strategies long vs short

What makes an option strategy long or short? I got the impression that if it is a net debit (you pay to open the strategy) it is classified 'long' (strangle, straddle) Then I learned about the call ...