# All Questions

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### Constructing a minute-by-minute volatility curve

For market making in front month vanilla commodity options we need a volatility curve that updates every second or so as the underlying and the options change prices. If all the strikes have a good ...
26 views

### consensus on Trading Costs in Empirical Papers

Is there some consensus in the literature to model trading costs when going short/long SPX options? Like 2% trading costs to switch from short to long and vice versa plus 20% (just an example) margin ...
71 views

### How to calculate US treasury total return from yield?

I'm struggling to understand the meaning of US treasury total return. What is easily available to get is yield data. Yield can be directly translated to the bond price at that time. In other words, ...
32 views

### How to find multiple FED rate hike implied probability

I have some questions about finding implied probability of rate hike on FED Funds Futures: What is the relevance of a month that does not have meeting (e.g.: february 2016)? Does the probability ...
58 views

### option time value in the pricing models

option price = intrinsic value + time value where intrinsic value (in other words payoff at N) is defined generally as difference between the underlying asset price and strike price (order depending ...
63 views

### proven implementation of Black scholes formula

We are writing our own implementation of the Back Scholes model. What on-line, well-known implementation do you recommend to test against? I have found several including the one below, but it doesn’t ...
18 views

### Altman Z-Score to Probability of default

I have computed the Altman Z Score for approximatly 2500 companies. I was wondering if mathematically I am allowed to use a logistic function ? Such as: ...
74 views

### Black-Scholes formula proof, without stochastic integration

I've looked into many books at my academic library, and very often it goes like this: Brownian motion Then, stochastic integration (Itô's formula etc.) Application: Black-Scholes formula for price ...
64 views

### Derivatives (Forex Forward) [closed]

Good day, Please, consult me about Forex Forward Swap (Ex. pair USD/RUB). I am trying to calculate and cant understand, how it works. For example: I have: USD/RUB Fwd points 3M - 19650/19950 IR - ...
37 views

### Implementation of Kelly in multivariate case using modeled distributions

I am exploring how to determine an "optimal" portfolio in the context of real life data and systems. Specifically, I want to calculate a Kelly Optimal Portfolio (see this paper, especially section 8.4 ...
55 views

### completeness of the binomial model - proof

I am reviewing the steps of proof that the binomial model is complete and don't understand the marked in red transition. Could anybody explain this step? If $P^{**}$ is a risk-neutral measure, so ...
60 views

### Leveraged ETF calculation - dropping below zero?

I'm running some simulations with a leveraged ETF to investigate that notorious leveraged-ETF decay effect I keep hearing about. When I put in a typical Black-Scholes lognormal model of returns on the ...
53 views

### Where to get price data on Credit Default Swaps?

I trust market-driven CDS more than credit ratings. Where can one get the CDS of corporate bonds of major companies? Are there any good internet links? If charts on the historical end-of-day prices ...
38 views

### How are CDS prices calculated for financial institutions?

If you need to estimate the fair price of a credit default swap on a financial institution, can it be done? Typical structural models tend to break down for the complex debt and asset characteristics ...
25 views

### Reshuffling the weighting of assets in an investment portfolio

An investor has a £40,000 portfolio, 40% of which is invested in bonds.The investor wishes to add funds to the portfolio by purchasing bonds so that 52% of the entire portfolio is invested in bonds. ...
64 views

### Cubic spline interpolation function within Matlab

I want to use the Cubic spline interpolation technique so I can interpolate yield curve points. Now I wonder if I can use the standard matlab function interpl1 (and then using the 'spline' method) or ...
58 views

### Reference request: Quantitative Trading Strategies [closed]

I intend to thoroughly prepare for an internship that I will start in a couple of months, and therefore wanted to clarify what topics I need to study and some recommended references for them. The ...
45 views

### Unrecovered debt

When reading an article about banking industry I came up with two questions. I'd be very pleased If somebody could clarify them: How concepts of unrecovered debt and NPL are related? When banks ...
36 views

### Bond Convexity: Relationship between discrete and continuous interest rate

The interest rate risk of a bond price $P$ is measured by its Duration: $$D=-\frac{\frac{dP}{P}}{dr}$$ However, the explicit formula for the Duration given a function $P$ is different if $r$ is ...
25 views

### polynomial time trend

I'm attempting to model historic operating margin data and to achieve stationarity I ran the ADF test with 4 lags (quarterly data) and first incorporating an intercept and time trend. The alpha was ...
48 views

### decompose correlation swap pnl

For a Variance swap we can split the pnl into a realized part and a "forward going" part. To be more precise: Assume we enter the trade at t0, and the variance swap has tenor T and a strike $Kvar$. ...
31 views

### Leland's model of non-linear Black-Scholes equation

Leland's model of non-linear Black-Scholes equation: (http://i.stack.imgur.com/EkqQb.png) where с is round-trip transaction costs and S is price of stock. c is said to be constant, ...
21 views

### measurement not only direction of momentum, but also its strength

sirs, would anybody help with the best measurement of momentum that incorporates not only its direction, but also strength? ex. 6M momentum is 20%, however, 1M momentum is -20%. the simple measurement ...
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### How to interpret negative log return more than -100%? [closed]

I'm doing some analysis on log returns and I notice that returns can exceed 100%. For example, if a security's close price \$1 today and \$10 yesterday, the log return is $ln(1) - ln(10) = -230\%$! ...
80 views

### Call options and portfolio of the same options worth less?

A portfolio of long positions in call options with the same maturity and strikes on different assets is worth more than a call option on a portfolio of the same assets with the same weight; i.e. ...
72 views

### Strategy Testing

Firstly I am a newbie so I will apologise in advance if this is in the wrong forum. My question concerns testing for an equity trading strategy and I would appreciate any comments as to whether my ...
38 views

### Where are the prices of real European Call options listed?

In order to solve an exercise, I need data from real European Call Options (on the same underlying). It sounds definitely trivial, but actually I feel a bit lost...do you mind giving a link/suggestion ...
65 views

### Options and bond related to convexity

Relevant definition: Assumption 2.1 (No dominance). If the payoff $P$ of a financial instrument is nonnegative, then the price $p$ of the financial instrument is nonnegative. Notation: $T$ - the ...
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### Price of call/put is convex in $K$ (strike price)

Let $\lambda\in(0,1)$. Then $$C(T, \lambda K_1 + (1 - \lambda)K_2, S, t) \leq \lambda C(T, K_1, S, t) + (1 - \lambda)C(T, K_2, S, t)$$ $T$ - the maturity $K_1$,$K_2$ - Strike prices $S$ - stock ...
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### Commodity market. Why would actual sellers / buyers bother about speculative price?

Investopedia says: The following are two types of futures traders: hedgers speculators An example of a hedger would be an airline buying oil futures to guard against potential ...
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### Looking for most current Financial API that is fast and accurate for NYSE NASDAQ AMEX OTC and PINKs

Looking to build a real time data feed, stock monitor window. Pretty much the same as equityfeed.com market viewer window, just with a few addedfeatures and or different filter columns with more up ...
15 views

### Regression on default rates and backward extrapolation

Suppose that we have bankruptcy data representative for Small and Medium-sized enterprises in a country. We can therefore calculate default rates. Furthermore suppose that we found that GDP, ...
69 views

### American call and put prices, increasing in maturity

Show that American call and put prices are increasing in maturity $T$. Does this mean I need to show that as $T$ increases than the American call and put prices increase as well? If so, how do I go ...
75 views

### Determining maximum strategy capacity and optimal order size for low frequency equity strategy

I have developed a low frequency equity trading strategy that seems to work well with stocks in the S&P 500. Someone asked me about the maximum capacity of the strategy (how much AUM I could ...
51 views

### Normal Inverse Gaussian distribution - any consensus on an accurate quantile function?

I am making use of the Normal Inverse Gaussian distribution in my work to model underlying interest rate implied volatility risk drivers. What is particularly nice about this distribution for my ...
23 views

### Calculate control variate for monte carlo simulation

For an exercise I need to calculate $\mathbb{E}[X]$ with a Monte Carlo simulation. I need to use control variate $Y$ with $\text{Var}(Y)=2$ and $\text{Cov}(X,Y)=1$. I am asked to give the optimale ...
41 views

### Rblpapi / bdh - how to download prices for all weekdays - regardless if it is a bank holiday

Using bdh(), I am trying to download historic weekday prices regardless if the weekday is a holiday or not. The default does not return weekday bank holidays. The ...
44 views

### Dual discounted forward curve

I was wondering how to calculate the forward rates based on OIS discounting for the half year terms. I know how to do this for the full year terms -> just making sure that the two legs are equal to ...
I've been searching in bibliography about this test applied to an AR(p) model. $$Q(L)(Y_{t})=c+\epsilon_{t}$$ Where L represent the Lag Operator and $Q=1-\phi_{1}x-.....-\phi_{p}x^{p}$ is the ...