# All Questions

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### How to compute the stochastic integral of log-normal process?

How do you compute the following integral: $$\int_0^t e^{\mu s + \sigma W_s} ds$$ or $$\int_0^t e^{\mu s + \sigma W_s} dW_s$$ ? Are those integrals stochastic processes of some well-know type ...
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### If floating leg in an arrears swap is paid on the date then valuing them is like predicting future

From what I am reading arrears swap are paid on the same day(actually, +2 business days for JPY and USD) as the reset date. To me then, a week before the reset date the floating rate is not known. ...
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### Soft: Interpretation Fractional BM in finance

Suppose we are in the BS framework. If we replace the Brownian Motion with a more general fractional Brownian motion therein, how can it be interpreted? That is what is a financial interpretation of ...
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### How to add buy/sell market on a long/short Bollinger Bands graph in python?

I am using python, pandas, matplotlib to do the following: I have plotted some stock data ...
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### Fourth moment of arch(2)

I am studying the ARCH(2) process given by $$X_t = \sqrt{h_t} \varepsilon_t$$ where $$h_t = \alpha_0 + \alpha_1 X_{t-1} ^2 + \alpha_2 X_{t-2} ^2$$ and $\varepsilon_t$ follows $N(0,1)$. Assuming the ...
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### how do we know if the volatility which is quoted in market is Normal (Bachelier model) or log normal (Black 76)?

in market, many instruments are quoted in volatility, but how we can tell what kind of volatility is this? is it normal volatility, or lognormal volatility. because it affect our hedging positions so ...
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### Are commodities a real assets or a physical assets? [closed]

In CFA Level Reading 45 Commodities include precious metals, energy products, industrial metals, and agricultural products. Real assets are tangible properties such as real estate, airplanes, ...
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### How does risk attitude influence trading? (Bibliography seeking)

I wonder how risk-averse or risk-seeking investors behave in a stock market. Is there any bibliography that deals with that? For example, suppose that we have a risk-averse investor that buys a ...
70 views

### What are the pros and cons of historial and Gaussian approaches to VaR?

What is the difference between historical and Gaussian method of VaR estimation? I know how they are calculated, but what are the pros and cons of each?
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### Understanding skew of SPX - Why does IV of OTM puts increase with strike?

I've been trying to understand the skew I see when looking at the skew of SPX. Here is a snapshot today from thinkorswim. I understand why IV increases for ITM puts -- namely because there is a ...
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### Stressing the going up of LIBOR - Which balance sheet variables to stress?

Analysts expect the LIBOR to rise in the next two years. Hence, all companies that have foreign currency loans will face problems. I am preparing a study on this topic, but data is an extreme issue. ...
67 views

### How to perform portfolio optimization with user-defined expected return and variances using R?

I found some functions for Markowitz mean variance portfolio optimization in R such as portfolio.optim in tseries package. ...
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### How to optimize a portfolio using skewness?

I am trying to do portfolio optimization for 5 stocks taking into account skewness of the portfolio but I am unable to incorporate skewness to the mean variance model. Can anyone please help on how ...
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### SABR Implied Volatility and Option Prices

I am trying to understand SABR model. I am having difficulty to understand how to calibrate ABR a) the initial variance b) the volatility of variance c) the exponent for the forward rate d)the ...
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### Commercial Vendors for Risk Management and Portfolio Optimization and Performance Attribution

So this question is directly about companies such as Axioma, Barra, Northfield, and etc. that provide risk management, portfolio optimization, and performance attribution related services. I want to ...
28 views

### Returning historical yield rates for Mortgage Backed Securities in a Bloomberg Terminal?

Forgive me if this isn't the right place, and direct me to the correct place to post. I've been trying to figure out how to get the yield rates for Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS's) in the United ...
55 views

### Define polynomials of an ARMA process

I just started out with financial time series and I'm a bit stuck with ARMA models. I have the following ARMA process: $-4X_t + X_{t-2} = Z_t + 0.2 Z_{t-1}$ Now I am being asked for the polynomials ...
62 views

### Boundary conditions: Dirichlet vs Neumann

I'm thinking about the interplay of Dirichlet and Neumann BCs in a FDM scheme. Let's assume a simple Black-Scholes call option problem, with BS PDE with constant coefficients, i.e. instead of $S$, in ...
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### Risk-adjusted performance measurement: Log returns vs. simple returns and geometric vs. arithmetic mean return

I have just simulated 49 weeks of correlated returns on 5 different stocks, assuming returns being lognormally distributed. Next, I am supposed to assume that the simulated 49 weeks of returns ...
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### How to calculate break-even point of merged plant/company?

The question goes like this : ...
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### Market portfolio [closed]

If I create portfolio consisting of three stocks and build efficient frontier for this portfolio and if there is a risk free rate for treasury bills and then I draw tangent line from risk free rate on ...
41 views

### Why is convexity adjustment applied to swap price for a nonstandard swap, in simple terms?

Martinelli et al. show that when the 3-month Libor is replaced by the 3-month Libor forward rates (which are obtained from the spot zero-coupon yield) then the swap price depends only on zero-coupon ...
51 views

### Bloomberg Python Question - How do you access PRTU via python?

I am having some trouble using python to access Bloomberg as I cant find much documentation. All I really need to do is a simple lookup of dates in the PRTU function of Bloomberg, PRTU via a python ...
48 views

### Obtaining the drift of a Wiener process formed from a random walk

I'm trying to understand how the equation for Geometric Brownian Motion is formed from a random walk. I'm following the book 'Statistics of Financial Markets' but I'm struggling to follow how the ...
67 views

### Bond portfolio hedging against currency risk

How do I hedge a bond portfolio against currency risk? Ideally I'm looking for books or other references on this topic.
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### Compare the IRRs of two bonds

Say i have two 3 year bonds, which pay an annual coupon of 8% (1st bond) and 10% (2nd bond) respectively. Also, let's assume, that the spot curve is the same for both bonds. Other things equal, how ...
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### Working Capital Change vs. Working Capital Changes-Total

I am working with compustat data and I can't figure out difference between 2 columns: Working Capital Changes - Total Working Capital Change / Other / Increase/(Decrease) For the same date columns ...
36 views

### impact model what volatility to use

I am looking at the market impact paper here (http://www.cims.nyu.edu/~almgren/papers/costestim.pdf) and I had a question about volatility on page 11. On page 11 it is stated: "For volatility, we use ...
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I just wanted to make sure this was correct: If AUD/USD has bid ask of 0.71999/ 0.72032, that implies there is another (theoretical) pair USD/AUD which has a bid ask of (1/aud_usd_ask) / ...
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### Verifying an identity of an equation for Black Scholes formula

I just started working on the Black Scholes formula with help of the book Financial option valuation by Higham. Apparently you are possible to derive the following function: ...
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### pricing american calls on non dividend paying stocks

It is never optimal to exercise an american call option early if it is written on a stock that doesn't pay dividends, yet when pricing such an option, using a binomial model, we check whether or not ...
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### Discounting dividends and terminal value in valuation

I am new to finance and valuation in particular. I have a query regarding discounting dividends and terminal value for valuation using dividend discount model. I have created an illustration to help ...