# All Questions

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### Using Put Volatilities to Estimate Firm Leverage/Credit Risk

This paper by Hull, Nelken and White uses implied volatilities in structural credit risk models to back out a market-implied leverage ratio. CreditGrades has a similar implementation using equity ...
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### American option - Upper bound

I have computed a lower bound for an american option through longstaff and schwartz's algorithm. Now I have to compute the upper bound as andersen and broadie does in their article. Can anybody help ...
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### Who/What is a promoter of a company?

As Investopedia defines it: A promoter is an individual or company that, for a fee, helps raise money for some type of investment activity. Most often, promoters raise money for a company through ...
103 views

### How to calculate bond yield in QuantLib - Python

I want to calculate yield of bond having market price and coupons. I try to replicate C++ from (https://mhittesdorf.wordpress.com/2013/03/03/introducing-quantlib-internal-rate-of-return/) in Python ...
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### Arbitrage opportunity in discrete time

Say we have the following binary option $B$ on asset $S$ with strike K and expiration time T, assume also that the following relation holds at time $0$: $B > N*C(K,T)-N*C(K+1/N,T)$ Where $N$ is ...
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### Trouble verifying roll rate model

I found this paper on roll rate analysis via a google search. I would post a link, but every page is stamped with "CONFIDENTIAL" at the bottom (humorous since it is easily found). In a nut-shell, ...
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### Training data for Black Scholes

What sources of data suitable for training approximations to Black-Scholes are freely available to academics? My understanding is that the parameters to Black-Scholes are: share price strike price ...
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### Real-time Tick Data API for the Italian Stock Market

Hello community. I am looking for a service that is able to provide real-time tick data (time&sales) for the contracts traded in the Italian Stock Market (Borsa Italiana). The service should ...
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### When and how to use RNN for stock analysis or trading

I am learning about neural network and created some small networks in feed forwarding network myself. I was curious about Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and read some papers about RNN in trading. The ...
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### Geometric means, standard deviation, and sharpe ratios

I have 3 related questions: a) I've seen formulas for GM and GS which eithier do, or do not, involve taking the exponent. Which is right? i.e. for GM I've seen both mean(ln(1+rt)) and ...
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### Where to find daily European value factor data?

Kenneth R. French website only provides monthly European factor data. I want to track this data daily. Here's what I tried: MSCI Europe Barra Value Index - it's long short 130/30, not 100/100. ...
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### Monte Carlo Methods for Pricing Derivatives

can someone please suggest a good book on Monte Carlo Simulation for Pricing Derivatives? Don't want a book which is too complicated like a PhD level. A Masters level should be good. Thanks a lot in ...
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### Timing of S&P 500 Component Changes - Pre or Post Market?

When S&P 500 has a component change is the change made before market open or after the close. For example on March 3rd announement by S&P that UDR replacing GMCR after close of trading on ...
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### How do I calculate the present value of a credit default swap?

I am paid 20 million every time a bond drops to a new low over a 120 month period. I need to know how to find the present value of such an arrangement if there is a continuously compound interest of 5 ...
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### Calibration of Heston model

I would like to calibrate the Heston model and I am wondering which are the most common approaches used in the literature. Any suggestions (references from the main stream literature, notes or ...
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### Package for multivariate Garch Vech model for R?

I`m new to programming and searching a package for R which inherents the estimation for a Vech Garch(1,1). This is a multivariate Garch model which forms the residuals and the covariance matrix from a ...
33 views

### Closed-form solution to optimal single assset position sizing with predicted returns

Say that I observe a predictor $w_t \sim N(0,\sigma_1)$ for the returns in a single asset over the next time interval: $$r_t = \alpha w_{t-1} + z_t$$ where $z_t \sim N(0,\sigma_2)$ is unobserved ...
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I am backtesting a number of trading strategies using a feed of unadjusted data from Factset. Before I run the backtest my routines adjust the data for splits and for special dividends. One question ...
64 views

### Distribution of pay-off of an exotic option

Can any assumptions be made about the pay-off of an exotic option? For example, might we say the distribution of the pay-off a vanilla option would be Normal? I have built a valuation tool that ...
32 views

### long fra and a short ed future with same fixing dates, is convexivity negative or positive?

If you are long a FRA (forward rate agreement) and short a ED　（Eurodollars) future with the same fixing dates, do you have positive convexity or negative convexity? Why? According to the following ...
48 views

### Calculating PCA hedge ratio for 3-leg spread

I'm wondering how can I find PCA hedge ratio for a 3-leg spread? I've taken the simple steps laid out in here. I've taken some treasury futures data for 2yr,5yr,10yr and ran the PCA. The first ...
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I am learning the basics of portfolio management. I am confused about different ways to calculate rate of returns mentioned in the text investment and portfolio analysis. There are three methods to ...
43 views

### Capital increase: which stock price to use as input to Black-Scholes formula?

For an exercise we have to calculate the theoretical value of a scrip / preferential right on its issue day (23 April) in the context of a capital increase. The scrips are issued on 23 April. The ...
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### question regarding carry & roll of a bond

I have a simple (and might be a dumb) question regarding the calculation of a bond's carry. If someone doesn't take into account cost of financing (e.g. the repo rate) then the bond's approximate ...
43 views

### How to create time series with lagged in R [closed]

Would anyone else advise me, how to create time series with lagged in R. I would the result is the difference with lagged, there is a function Delt() but the result is the percentage change. Please ...
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### How we can use adjusted price in combination with price limit in a stock market?

How we can use adjusted price in combination with price limit in stock market? suppose that we have a price limit in a stock market. For example if yesterday last price is ...
46 views

### What does it mean to 'receive outright'?

What does the following statement mean: "after accounting for levels of market volatility, we favor receiving outright in 6-month forward-starting 2-year swaps."? Specifically, what does "receiving ...
55 views

### What causes discontinuities with stock prices

With reference to the figure above, why is it that the price at which the stock closed at on monday not equal to the open price on tuesday? Is this discontinuity due to an adjustment in the price ...
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### Old CBOE SPX options data: listing and expdate issue

I can't figure out the logic behind SPX option data for 2008-2009 years. First, all traditional SPX options have exp_date on the third Saturday of each month. How can it be? Why not Friday? Second, ...
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### How to find volatility of Asset given volatility of Stock in Merton model?

I encounter a problem in one of my project to find the 1 year, 2 year and 3 year Asset volatility. We are given 2015 Bell Canada's financial report and a software to do this. The financial report can ...
28 views

### Performance measure

Can anyone give some intuition behind the relative performance measure that is a percentile raking of trading activity. It indicates the percentage of total activity the investor outperformed the ...
34 views

### How does a small recovery in oil prices equate to risk appetite? [closed]

I was reading an article yesterday that the Aussie/Dollar pair fell due to a sharp fall in oil prices (38.20 down to 36.70) which the market sentiment considers as "Risk off", and as oil prices ...
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### Trinomial model converges to Black-Scholes weakly

Consider risk-neutral trinomial model with $N$ periods presented by $$S_{(k+1)\delta}H_{k+1}, \ \ \text{for} \ \ k=0,\ldots,N-1$$ where $\delta:=\frac{T}{N}$ and $\{H_k\}_{1}^{N}$ is a sequence ...
13 views

### Optimize a function in R [migrated]

I was looking since a long time for a programm code that optimize a parametric portfolio (a parametric portfolio is a portfolio whose weights depend on state variables). Recently, I received the ...
36 views

### How to estimate parameters for 2 correlated Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes with maximum likelihood?

I would like to use maximum likelihood to estimate the parameters of two correlated Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes from empirical data. Do you have any good references for this? If you have any hints as ...
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### Greeks across different underlying

To monitor risk of a client portfolio, does it make sense to accumulate Greeks across different underlying? If yes, how can Greeks be normalized across different underlying?
Trying to evaluate model for pairs trading. Consider classic formula: $\frac{dP}{P} = adt+b\frac{dQ}{Q}+dX$, where $P$ and $Q$ are stock prices, and $X$ is a mean reverting process (MRP) and $a$ is ...