# All Questions

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### what is the vol in the BS formula?

I need to compute the delta of an option for which I know a) the time to maturity, b) the price of the option, c) the price of the underlying asset. what is the formula to get this delta It seems ...
304 views

### Why use implied volatility

First I'll describe the way I understood things so far from the literature, feel free to correct me here, and then I formulate some questions. I'd search through QSE, but haven't found so far similar ...
320 views

### Pricing an american style option on a bond future

what is the good way to pricing american option on bond future? From bonk fixed income securities 3rd by Tuckman, I understand how to pricing European option on bond future, but I still have no clue ...
149 views

### Overview of robust/regularized portfolio selection

I am looking for either a review paper or individual papers on portfolio selection using robust statistics or regularization (e.g. LASSO, Ridge, etc.) I.e. a review on methods along the lines of: M ...
75 views

### What are some different methods for calculating hedge ratios for multiple leg spreads?

I am looking for many different ways of doing this, and I want to compare the results I get among the different choices. I am going to be using close-to-close change data. Thanks.
253 views

### Value at Risk from Delta of a single asset portfolio

I am trying to figure out the following, for me unfamiliar type of question: Given is a single asset portfolio: the Delta of the portfolio is 15, the value of the asset is 10 and the daily volatility ...
56 views

### Incorporating a stochastic correlation structure into a multi-factor model

I am considering extending a multi-factor fixed income stochastic model (e.g. LIBOR-Market) to use stochastic correlation matrices instead of determinstic ones. For pricing instruments with short ...
676 views

### What are the merits of pseudo random numbers over quasi random numbers in monte-carlo simulation?

I understand that quasi-random numbers have much better convergence, but are there any reasons for me to use pseudo-random numbers instead?
102 views

### FTAP a-la Harrison, Kreps and Pliska

I was reading the papers co-authored by Harrison, Kreps and Pliska, that initiated the formal research on the connection between pricing, martingale measures, arbitrage and completeness. I have some ...
258 views

### How to hedge a derivative that pays the reciprocal of the stock price?

1) Suppose S is the stock price, how to hedge a derivative that pays $1/S_t$ at time $t$? 2) Suppose there will be a dividend of amount $d$ between $t$ and $T$, how to hedge a derivative that pays ...
188 views

637 views

### On the interface between Quant finance and actuarial-science/insurance-math

Actuaries (at least in Europe) are frequently severily lacking in quant finance topics. At best they are familiar with B&S model. People going into quant finane or striving to become a quant on ...
194 views

### Options with a stochastic strike

Do options where the strike itself is a stochastic process exist? If they do - what are the motivations for such a product and where is it used ? Example: Call-Option with stochastic strike: ...
124 views

### Where does this copula come from?

In a paper I encountered the following notation $$P(Z\leq z,u\leq Y\leq v)=C(F_{Z}(z),F_{Y}(v)-F_{Y}(u))$$ However I don't see why this holds in relation to uniform random variables. Usually ...
351 views

### Why is that a risk averse consumer buys the optimum insurance when there is actuarially fair insurance?

I think I understand the fact that when marginal utilities of the same function are equal (a consequence of the actuarially fair insurance), the independent variables in it must be equal -- right? But ...
1k views

### Are PX_BID and PX_ASK on Bloomberg closing bid/ask? or are they daily averaged?

Bloomberg provides PX_BID and PX_ASK on a daily basis, but it's not clear exactly where these numbers come from. Are they closing bid and ask prices, or are they averaged over the entire day? For ...
164 views

Consider a credit rating system consisting of three credit states, A, B and D (default) with the following annual credit transition probability: T = [0.7 0.2 0.1;0.2 0.5 0.3; 0 0 1]. For a company ...
236 views

### Given future price probability distribution, what is a strategy that maximizes return?

Say I know the price probability distribution, e.g., lognormal(p,s), of a stock X at a future time ...
129 views

### What impact does arbitrage have on realised volatility estimates?

Doing some research modeling/estimating volatility in the bitcoin market. There is quite a bit of scope for arbitrage within crypto-currency markets. Wonder if this has any impact on my volatility ...
186 views

### Does risk-neutral measure have anything to deal with risk-neutrality in utility theory?

Or simply: why do we call equivalent martingale measures as risk-neutral measures? In the utility or game theory, when we consider a person's preferences to certain outcomes, we often deal with the ...
147 views

### Effects of random-generator-choice on derivative's price

There is a plethora of pseudo-random-generators out there. Some of them are definetly better and some of them severily underperform. My standard tool is Mersenne Twister - when I need to generate ...
137 views

### How often do banks update forward points?

My understanding is that forward rates are calculated by comparing interbank interest rates of the 2 currencies for a currency pair, with the points being the difference between spot and the forward ...
118 views

### Is the volatility of a trader's wealth equal to the volatility of the underlying assets traded?

Assume that a trader trades in several stocks with different volatilities. The return of the trader's portfolio would be the weighted average of returns and the risk would be a function of the the ...
647 views

### Backtesting with fundamentals

Recently I've read some books about quantative approach to fundamental investing: - What works on Wall Street - James O'Shaughnessy - Quantitative Value - Wesley Gray, Tobias Carlisle - Quantitative ...
50 views

### What type of interpolation should be used in key rate perturbation models?

When perturbing a key rate in order to assess sensitivity of portfolio value, what sort of interpolation is standard? A book I am looking at says linear, but this seems pretty unrealistic to me--and ...
385 views

### Baye's rule for conditional expectations (Proof review)

The Baye's rule for conditional expectations states $$E^Q[X|\mathcal{F}]E^P[f|\mathcal{F}]=E^P[Xf|\mathcal{F}]$$ With $f=dQ/dP$ - thus being the Radon-Nikodyn derivative and $X$ being ...
144 views

### Direct exchange data via a Vendor

I am considering the option between using direct exchange connections vs using a vendor like Bloomberg for market data. I am interested in daily data and potentially tick by tickdata. Initially I am ...
501 views

### Geometric Brownian motion - Volatility Interpretation (in the drift term)

A Geometric Brownian motion satisfying the SDE $dS_t = rS_t dt+\sigma S_t dW_t$ has the analytic solution $$S_t = S_0\exp\left\{\left(r-\frac{\sigma^2}{2}\right)t\right\}\exp\{\sigma W_t\}$$ Recently ...
238 views

### Definition of orthogonality and independence for a stochastic processes

Somehow I can't find the explicit definition of when two processes are supposed to be orthogonal or independent anywhere. I think orthogonality and independence should mean the same thing in this ...
983 views

### Does one use the covariance or correlation matrix in cholesky decomposition to generate correlated samples

Can we interchangeably use Cholesky decomposition of covariance and correlation matrix to generate simulations? If not, in which situations do we use one or the other and why? Thanks in advance.
1k views

### Value Weighted Return

I recently have started to look at some data from CRSP, and they have a metric called Value Weighted Return (two versions with and without distributions). When I looked it up, it seemed that this ...
334 views

### Difference between VaR and credit VaR?

Quick question: is there a difference between credit VaR and VaR or are they the same thing?
299 views

### Backtesting Period

Views on timeframes for backtesting vary considerably. Curious on what timeframe/trade size leads to a statistically significant result. For example, what backtest period is reasonable for a system ...
201 views

### Mock/practice trading for options (delta/gamma hedging etc.)

I know there are some sites for practicing equity investing. But could you provide me with suggestions concerning options trading etc. I read Natenbergs book on Options and want to test things like ...
223 views

### List of financial derivatives Ito's Lemma does not apply

According to Ito's Lemma there is no restriction on the continuity of the stochastic process. The restrictions are on the continuity of the pay-off so that second derivatives with respect to ...
53 views

### CAPM as pricing formula

P - price that the asset was purchased. Q - price that it was sold P = Q/(1+r+B(R_m - r)) What is the financial meaning of denominator. Thanks for help.
38 views

### evaluating portfolio performance without knowing the amount held on cash accounts

I would like to evaluate the performance of a portfolio mananger. I know his trades, and the initial portfolio holdings. I do not know, however the amount held on his cash account. That is, I ...
389 views

### How is the MA (moving average model) useful?

How is the MA model useful in modeling financial data, for example the stock indices? For example, from what i understand in the AR (auto-regressive) model portion, we can use the ADF test to check ...
335 views

### Scaling of a transition matrix

I am working on a ratings transition matrix and I wondered how people scale it down to shorter time periods (although one should more or less stick to the estimation period i know). It is clear that ...
763 views

### How to incorporate fundamental analysis in quantitative trading algorithm? [closed]

I want to write a quantitative stock trading program based on fundamental analysis. It would crunch through prices, financial reports to look for value stocks. It can support backtesting of strategy ...