# All Questions

1answer
56 views

### Solving a Non-Linear PDE using a Finite Difference Scheme

I have the following non-linear PDE and I have no idea how to go about solving it using a finite difference scheme in Python. Can someone get me started and/or point me to an algorithm for doing this? ...
1answer
176 views

### How to evaluate a success rate of a trading strategy

In order to compare various trading strategies, I am trying to calculate the success rate (the ratio of winning and losing trades). While it is clear to me that this indicator is far from being an ...
1answer
52 views

### Relationship between ADR in USD and original stock in GBP - Drift in price

For tax reasons, I switched a position I had in the HSBC London GBP listing into the USD ADR. The ADR represents 5 shares of the GBP listing. My understanding was that since at all times 1 ADR = 5 UK ...
1answer
155 views

### What is the difference between a benchmark yield curve, funding curve and a basis spread curve?

I am trying to understand why these curves are important, and what they are used for in the industry today (if not at all).
2answers
93 views

### Markov Pricing kernel

I'm reading about Markov pricing kernels in the lecture notes of a course I'm following, but I have a big doubt on an application of Ito's lemma. The setting is the following: We define the pricing ...
1answer
131 views

### Difference between GARCH and Heston Volatility model

I know that the difference between the GARCH and the Heston model is volatility vs variance in the stochastic part of the volatility sde. However,from my solutions, there is only ever a 2 - 10 cent ...
2answers
1k views

### Market Data Sources Bloomberg Vs Reuter

In my project, we have two version of systems. One version is for derivative trades and other version is for bond trades.For derivatives we get the market data from Reuters and for Bonds we are ...
2answers
105 views

### Where can I get equivalent of 3 months libor or swap historical data?

Please note: I have already checked your standard "Historical data sources" link, but it does not have the data I need: I am looking for 5 years of libor/swap data for major currencies. Daily, or ...
1answer
39 views

### Are CME security id's unique and constant over time?

For any given day, CME security IDs are unique - a number will always refer to a single product. Are they unique over time as well? That is, might a new security have a security id that used to be ...
2answers
75 views

### hedging correlated instruments

If two instruments have a significant negative correlation but the percent change in the price of the instrument moving in positive direction is always more by a fraction than the one moving in ...
1answer
49 views

### Bayes Stein Porfolio Implementation

From this paper from Jorion. Has anyone implemented this? How is the Covariance matrix estimated? It needs to estimate also the conditional distribution of the returns? Best
1answer
212 views

### Forecast 3m LIBOR USD. Budget purpose

How can I calculate/budget/find a expectation for the 3 month LIBOR for the next 3monts-4 years? I am calculating a CF scenario on USD 3month Libor + margin. With swaps and fixed rate this is easy, ...
1answer
45 views

### Show that Z(t)/Z(0) is a positive mean-1 martingale

We look at a standard no dividends Black-Scholes model and here we have a process Z, which is defined by: Z(t)=(S(t)/H)^p , where H is a positive constant and p=1-2r/sigma^2 I am now asked to show ...
2answers
217 views

### How to break down an FX option P&L?

I am comparing the mark-to-market (MtM) valuations of two risk systems, with respect to FX Options. My question is can I quantify the difference in MtM given the following: System1 AUD/JPY, MTM = ...
1answer
177 views

### Deposit vs. LIBOR rates? (Bloomberg/SuperDerivatives)

I noticed that Bloomberg and SuperDerivatives both use "Deposit Rates" for the calculation of forward points for currencies. I couldn't find anything online that describes precisely where these rates ...
1answer
109 views

### Estimating mean reversion

I've read in some places that mean reversion parameters for a rates model, eg Hull White, can be estimated directly from the current yield curve. However I've not been able to find anything more on ...
1answer
200 views

### Executions deep in the Limit Order Book?

I have some Level III (message level) data for equities and I have found several cases in which I register the execution of a Limit Order at a price "worse" than the best bid or ask. For example, ...
1answer
109 views

### Portfolio choice problem of a CARA investor with n risky assets

Ok, I am working on a problem that consists of the following: I am looking to solve the portfolio choice optimization problem (maximizing utility with a known utility function) in the case where all ...
1answer
114 views

### Is printing money really a bad thing?

I have 2 related questions about increasing money supply: (I know high school level economics.) 1) In an economy which has low growth and deflation, is it at all a bad thing to print money? In fact, ...
1answer
100 views

### Building curves using onshore or offshore JPY overnight rates?

I am trying to build Japanese Yen interest rate curves. When defining the curve instruments for the 'OIS' (discount) curve (aka TONAR), I am uncertain as to which rate to use for the overnight deposit ...
1answer
111 views

### Volatility updating rule using r

I'm trying to program a volatility updating rule using iteration. I start with the well know Heston-Nandi model where the returns dynamics are : with is iid standard normal randome variable, where ...
3answers
399 views

### Any New Discoveries in Quantitative Finance?

It seems like the field has become stagnant in the decades following the enormously successful and influential Black Scholes model. (The original paper has been cited a staggering 25,000 times - more ...
2answers
65 views

### I have portfolio volatility for year 1 and for year 2. What is portfolio volatility for year 1 and 2 combined?

Thanks for looking into this question. Portfolio volatility in year 1 = 15%. Portfolio volatility in year 2 = 20%. What is the portfolio volatility over the timespan year 1 and 2 combined? Is it ...
1answer
83 views

### Law of large numbers necessary for APT derivation?

The question refers to the well-known Ross (1976) paper with the derivation of the Asset Pricing Theory. In the APT, the return of asset $i$ is driven by a linear factor model:  R_i = \alpha_i + ...
1answer
190 views

### Why Markov Functional Models (Hunt 2000) are not yet so popular?

I refer to MFM introduced by Hunt [2000]. These models can be seen a subset of interest rate market models. MFM allow us to describe the term structure elements using a set a functions of a ...
2answers
176 views

### How to compute the VaR for European Call, using the delta-normal method?

I have a European call option with current stock price $S_0$, strike $K$, risk-free rate $r$, volatility $\sigma$, and time to maturity $T$ years. I assume that the stock price at time $t$, which is ...
1answer
72 views

### Can you use a t-test on bootstrapped Value at Risk (VaR) figures?

I need to compare VaR before and after the recession. I have a series of market returns for a period before, and a series of market returns for the period immediately after. Both have been ...
1answer
58 views

### $\frac{1}{p(T_{i-1},T_i)}(A-p(T_{i-1},T_i))^+$ at time $T_i$ is equivalent to a payment of $(A-p(T_{i-1},T_i))^+$ at time $T_{i-1}$

How can I show that payment of $\frac{1}{p(T_{i-1},T_i)}(A-p(T_{i-1},T_i))^+$ at time $T_i$ is equivalent to a payment of $(A-p(T_{i-1},T_i))^+$ at time $T_{i-1}$ ? Where A is a deterministic ...
2answers
128 views

### VIX-implied Volatility calculator

Does anybody know any implied volatility calculator for VIX Options, possibily in Matlab? For Vanilla Options, I'm currently employing this function which is very fast and reliable (much more than ...
1answer
98 views

### Do we need Feller condition if volatility process jumps?

It is fairly known that in affine processes, as Heston model \begin{aligned} dS_t &= \mu S_t dt + \sqrt{v_t} S_t dW^{S}_{t} \\ dv_t &= k(\theta - v_t) dt + \xi \sqrt{v_t} ...
2answers
188 views

### Free access to official real-time and intraday data for exchanges [duplicate]

Where can I obtain all official real-time and intraday data for exchanges — NASDAQ, NYSE, AMEX, OTC, CME, etc? I feel like the raw data is out there to be consumed and parsed at no cost (except the ...
1answer
141 views

### ARIMA model, cannot get rid of low order ACF spike

I've gone through all the steps to fit a good ARIMA model - I plotted the data, I looked at the ADF tests, I looked at the ACF plot with no AR and MA terms just a constants. I came up with an ...
2answers
200 views

### How to find the best fitting GARCH model for a portfolio composed of 3 ETFs in R?

I am doing a project for my class Financial Time Series in which I am trying to forecast my portfolio log returns using a GARCH fit. I am having a bit of trouble determining the best way to fit this ...
1answer
75 views

### Maximizing utility subject to a wealth constraint

Let $\tilde{E}$ be the risk neutral expectation, and $X_t$ the wealth that time t and $R$ the return of a risk-free investment. Consider maximizing the function $EU(X_N)$ subject to ...
1answer
57 views

### PEGY Ratio: Does it make sense?

PEGY ratio is calculated as PE ratio/(Earnings Growth Rate + Dividend Yield). Putting aside the discussion of whether forward or trailing P/E ratio should be used, isn't adding dividend yield over ...
3answers
132 views

### Replication of a call option by cash-or-nothing digital option

I am so stuck on this question: Consider a two-asset model where asset 0 is cash, so that the price of asset 0 is $B_t=1$ for all $t \geq0$. Asset 1 has prices given by $dS_t = a(S_t) dW_t$, where the ...
1answer
64 views

### Why asset management firms shouldn't be custodian of its own funds?

I am reading the Madoff case. One of the issue is BMIS Firm (Bernie Madoff Investment Securities) were acting as a Asset Management Firm, broker as well as Custodian. Why is it an issue? What sort of ...
1answer
125 views

### What is delta neutral

Does delta neutral portfolio mean you add up deltas of all positions and the sum should be zero? Is this true? Also, in a FX portfolio consisting of FX calls puts and Fwds, if FWD delta is given for ...
1answer
196 views

### Various ways to choose bonds for a butterfly strategy?

What are the various ways to choose bonds for a butterfly strategy? For eg., I already know the most common one i.e., choosing short and long term for the wings (barbell) and the medium term for the ...
1answer
73 views

### Binary option expression

Given r=0, σ(K)=const Binary=lim┬(ε→0)⁡〖((C(K,σ(K))-C(K+ε,σ(K+ε))))/ε〗 What is the analytical expression for the binary option value? σ(K)=const Therefore, Binary=lim┬(ε→0)⁡〖((C(K)-C(K+ε)))/ε〗 ...
1answer
145 views

### UST Yield Curve Forecasting - Bond Structure Testing

I have a project in mind that I am working on, but have little idea where to start. I am a relative newcomer to python (about 1 years exp.) and limited knowledge of quant finance. What I would like ...
2answers
88 views

### Data point discrepancy between Google Finance and Yahoo Finance

I have been comparing the historical stock data I am getting from Google Finance and Yahoo Finance. I am only getting six datapoints per day (date, open, high, low, close, volume). I have downloaded ...
2answers
92 views

### Why is OU process stationary?

The mean and variance of OU process have time dependence (exponentially decay in time). So they are not constant in time. How can it to be stationary?
1answer
61 views

### Variability in the Expected Shortfall estimator

Are there any results for calculating the variability in the Expected Shortfall measure. I am looking for Large sample confidence intervals under Normality for Expected Shortfall or calculation of ...
3answers
3k views

### Relationship between Beta and Standard Deviation

I was doing some financial analysis on two firms in the coffee industry. After calculating Beta and Standard Deviation for both firms, I seem to have stumbled on some weird phenomenon. It appears ...
1answer
150 views

### Expected Shortfall and Spectral Risk Measure

Not sure I am understanding spectral risk measures correctly. Why is there an equal weighting scheme placed on the tail losses in expected shortfall. Will that no bias the expected value of the loss ...
1answer
124 views

### Negative Eonia rates

I'm curious how the current negative Eonia (Euro OverNight Index Average) rates would impact derivatives pricing. Does it mean that if I post cash collateral to you, I also need to pay you interest? ...
1answer
50 views

### What are the properties of the Expected Shortall measure when split in multiple time periods?

Suppose I have a single time series of losses $L$ that consists of two sub-parts $L_1$ and $L_2$. Is there a relationship that relates the expected shortfall of $L$ to the expected shortfall of \$L_1, ...
2answers
160 views

### Why do Earnings Per Share matter?

This has been bugging me for a while. I've consulted all sorts of guides, but none gave me a satisfactory answer. My question is: why do Earnings Per Share (EPS) matter? What is it about this metric ...
1answer
82 views

### White's Reality Check versus Benjamini-Hochberg-Yekutielie Procedure

I'm backtesting about 1k different strategies / permutations of strategies and I want to identify which if any of the strategies are better than the benchmark. Based on my readings, I feel like I've ...

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