# All Questions

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### Pricing digital options in discrete time

I am stuck in this exercise from my textbook: Consider a one-period market model with $N+1$ assets: a bond, a stock and $N-1$ call options. The prices of the bond are $B_0=1$ and $B_1 = 1+r$, ...
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### stochastic calculus - brownian motion

I don't know how to prove this : let be $X_t = \int_{0}^{t}\sigma_{u}dW_{u}$ where $\sigma_{t}$ is a predictable process. If $|\sigma_{t}| = c$ a.s. how can I prove that $X_{t}=c*\beta_{t}$ ...
50 views

### How to deal with missing returns when creating value (equal) weighted returns

recently I am doing cross sectional regressions, and getting confused about missing returns. Suppose we have 100 stocks, then we want to construct a value weighted return (or equal weighted return). ...
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143 views

### Help with integrating stochastic calculus expression from yield curve model

I am very rusty on stochastic calculus, and I am having trouble integrating the following simple term from a yield curve model: $$z(t)=\int_0^t\exp(-k(t-s))dW(s)$$ Any suggestions appreciated.
525 views

### How to get real-time data for Fama-French model?

For Fama-French model we need SMB (small[market cap] minus big) and HML (high[book-to-market-ratio] minis low). I want to ...
128 views

### formulating MVO with costs

I am trying to formulate this simple MVO utility function with a linear transaction cost penalty added using Quadprog in MATLAB tcost = 0.001; lambda = 4; mu = vector of expected returns (say 4x1) S ...
71 views

### An Alphabet Effect?

While I prepared some quick and lazy charts picking just the first 10 symbols out of the SP500 for this other question I observed, that the first 10 symbols (figure 1) actually outperformed the larger ...
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### Hedging bond with CDS of different maturity

Say I buy a 10-year bond with a notional of 100k. To hedge my credit risk entirely I could buy a 10-year CDS, also on a notional of 100k. Now, if there are only 5-year CDS trading and no 10-year CDS, ...
1k views

### How to price a bond without paper during interview?

I heard that this kind of questions appear a lot in the interviews. Here is one I saw from Galssdoor: Price a bond with coupon rate 3%, yield 9% and maturity 10 years. What is the typical way to do ...
60 views

### Bond Interest Rate Swap Growth Rate [closed]

this should not be here because it shouldn't be here forever and eve
162 views

### “Adding” risk-free asset to covariance matrix after the fact

Given a covariance matrix that was calculated from the returns of a number of risky assets. Is there a way to "add" a risk-free asset to the covariance matrix without calculating its covariance with ...
150 views

### Interpolating probabilities of default

I have a table of cumulative probabilities of default of industrial bonds, in time and credit rating. It is similar to S&P whitepaper here. Basically, it looks like this (sample numbers): ...
338 views

### How to interpret ACF and PACF plots

I just want to check that I am interpreting the ACF and PACF plots correctly: The data corresponds to the errors generated between the actual data points and the estimates generated using an ...
279 views

### What is some prerequisite book that can help me to read “mathematical methods for financial markets”

What is some prerequisite book in mathematics or finance that can help me to read "mathematical methods for financial markets"? I found a lot of difficulties when try to start to read the PDF of this ...