# All Questions

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### Calculating units in a cross currency short trade

If I have a forex account with a broker and a balance of 100 USD, and I'd like to short EUR/JPY, how many units can I short? How is this calculated? Which currency pair do I use to translate between ...
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### Black Scholes Model Replicating Strategy Delta Hedged Exam Question

A share is currently priced at 640p. A writer of 100,000 units of a one year European put option with an exercise price of 630p has delta-hedged the option with a portfolio which holds cash and is ...
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### Pricing digital options in discrete time

I am stuck in this exercise from my textbook: Consider a one-period market model with $N+1$ assets: a bond, a stock and $N-1$ call options. The prices of the bond are $B_0=1$ and $B_1 = 1+r$, ...
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### Intuitive Reasoning for Using Risk-Neutral Measure

Although we thoroughly covered risk-neutral pricing in university I never fully understood it in the context of continuous-time processes. But first of all, lets consider a discrete time example: ...
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### How to measure the performance of an systematic option strategy

I have a strategy based only on option instruments and I am trying to measure its performance to optimize some parameters. But how does one measure the performance of such strategies? For Sharpe ...
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### Solving a Non-Linear PDE using a Finite Difference Scheme

I have the following non-linear PDE and I have no idea how to go about solving it using a finite difference scheme in Python. Can someone get me started and/or point me to an algorithm for doing this? ...
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### Pricing a zero with Vasicek model

I'm trying to understand bond pricing with the Vasicek interest rate model. I'm using McDonald's book for this purpose (not homework). Recall that Vasicek dynamics are \begin{equation*} ...
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### Where to find pricing formulas for affine stochastic volatility jump-diffusion models?

Does anyone know a reference where I can find the pricing formulas for vanilla calls in the affine stochastic volatility jump diffusion class of models such as SVJ and SVJJ? I am looking for ...
433 views

### Unsmoothing of returns

The following problem arises in the context of private equity, which typically report "smoothed" returns (think of it as a moving average). As you can imagine, "smoothed" returns would have a much ...
205 views

### probability question about brownian motion

Assume $W_{t}$ is a standard Brownian Motion, calculate the the probability that $W_{t}*W_{2t}$ is negative, i.e., $P(W_{t}*W_{2t}<0)$. I find it tricky to calculate the probability.Thank you.
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### How to infer correlation?

Let's say a have a correlation matrix $\Omega$ for 25 assets which I use to generate a Monte-Carlo simulation. Let's assume that $\Omega$ is valid (i.e positive-semi-definite, etc...) and estimated ...
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### Why is the variance of a portfolio a quadratic form?

I was reading about MPT http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theory and notices that the total variance of a portfolio is $x' \Sigma x$, where x is the weighting of the assets and $\Sigma$ ...
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### probability that the stock price is below the strike price

How can I prove that under the risk-neutral probability: $\mathbb{P}[S_{t}<K]=-\frac{\partial{C}}{\partial{K}}(K,T)$ where $S_{t}$ is the stock price, K is the strike price, C is the call ...
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### Stochastic Optimal Control for ratios

Do you know any good papers on methods of Stochastic Optimal Control and Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman(HJB) for optimization of different ratios(Sharpe, M2, Sortino, Sterling, etc.)? Meaning that using ...
261 views

### Constant Conditional Correlation GARCH (1,1)

I am a beginner in R and my econometrics background is not very sound either. I want to build a constant conditional correlation GARCH (1,1) model in R and I found the function, the description of ...
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### Annuities problem

First problem is like this: loan amount: 20,000,000.00 First six months: There is no payment but there are interest (grace period) Next six months: payment of 600,000.00 Since 13 month: payment of ...
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### Random walks and using the reflection principle

Consider exercise 5.5 from Shreve volume 1: For part (I), I understand how you can use reflection to show that $P(M_n^*\geq m, M_n=b)=P(M_n=2m-b)$. However, it seems to me that this latter ...
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### Is it likely that banks would become clients of algotrading companies? [closed]

Algotrading is growing, while banks don't currently have the HR to continually develop sophisticated algorithms on their own. Is it likely that banks (and governments) would become clients of ...
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### “For any random variable $X$, someone will be willing to buy and someone to sell a financial instrument, whose final payoff is $X$.”

we will assume that for any random variable $X:\Omega\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$, some investor will be willing to buy and some investor will be willing to sell a 'financial instrument' whose final ...
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### What is the current lowest possible latency for TCP communication?

I have two machines over a 10Gb network that need to communicate with each other through a TCP connection. In terms of technology, what is the current lowest latency possible for this to happen? What ...
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### Delta and gamma neutral

A financial institution currently has a portfolio with delta of 450 and gamma of 6,000. A traded option is available with a delta of 0.6 and a gamma of 1.5. How could the portfolio be made both delta ...
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### Market risk calculation for Fixed income position

I have come across a somewhat strange formula (atleast to me) for Value at Risk calculation for a Bond position. This typical formula looks like below: PnL = Beta * "Some industry Credit spread" * ...
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### References for PD / LGD estimates of low-default portfolios

Any recommendations or reading sources for estimating individual PDs and LGDs for a set of low-default assets (souvereigns, investment grade corporates)? Since observing no defaults at all, regular ...
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### Regarding “Two Singular Diffusion Problems” by William Feller

I'm currently reading the research paper, Two Singular Diffusion Problems, by William Feller (1950). However, I don't understand how Feller derived the solution $(3.5)$ given equation $(3.4)$ in his ...
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### Models crumbling down due to negative (nominal) interest rates

Given that the negative interest rates on a lot of sovereign bonds with maturity under 10 years are trading in the negative (nominal) interest rate territory (recently also the short term EURIBOR has ...