# All Questions

2answers
95 views

### Probability that realized volatility is larger than implied volatility

I did a test about quantitative finance. One of the question was : What is the probability, in the Black-Scholes world, that the realized volatility is larger the implied volatility ? And why ? ...
2answers
32 views

### EUR issuance using forwards to hedge FX risk

Trying to think about the right way to hedge a EUR denominated issuance from FX risk only. Say I have an annual pay 20-year EUR bond and I want to hedge the FX risk but take the interest rate risk. I ...
1answer
74 views

### Swaption Volatility Cube arbitrage

How can I exploit an arbitrage by violating the following no-arbitrage condition (taken from the paper "Arbitrage-Free Construction of the Swaption Cube" by Simon Johnson and Bereshad Nonas): ...
0answers
34 views

### Price compounding: Swap versus Governments Bonds

There are different rates curve to compound prices. Since the crisis, regulators tends to favor price compounding with swap curves over IR curves deduced from governments bonds (EU regulators, french ...
2answers
98 views

### How was the old VIX calculated?

Today VIX is computed based on near- and next- term options series which fall into the time period of [23, 37] days. That is what it is now, when they use SPX weekly, so they have options expiring ...
0answers
12 views

### Why use Moody's KMV EDF for one year

If I were to use Moody's KMV proprietary database with expected default frequqncies(EDF) for sectors and countries, along with aggregations for financials and non-financials, significant banks etc: ...
1answer
69 views

### Covariance of Log-Normal Variables

In Obstfeld and Rogoff (2000), formula (12) states the following: $$W = (\frac{\phi}{\phi-1}) \frac{E\{K(L^\nu)\}}{E\{\frac{L}{P}C^{-\rho}\}}$$ where $\phi$, $\rho$ and $\nu$ are parameters, $E$ ...
1answer
73 views

### Discount factor

Suppose we have : $r$ - zero coupon rate, constant over time, $n$ - a number of years (an integer), $\theta$ - a fraction of a year $(\theta < 1)$ , calculated with the relevant day count ...
0answers
53 views

### simulating from the CIR++

I am looking at the CIR++ model which is described in interest rate models by Brigo et al, and was wondering on how to actually simulate from this model. The model reads $$r_t=x_t+\phi(t),$$ where ...
2answers
56 views

### Best practice for international Fama-French analysis

First I have to admit that I have never been really good at thinking about the implications of investments in different currencies. I don't know why but it makes my head spin, this is why I am no FX ...
1answer
35 views

### Rate of Options decay

I know "Time decay accelerates on nearing expiry". But I want to know the rate of acceleration. How curvy is the theta curve? Answers could be like, Provided IV is stable, in a 3-month ...
1answer
24 views

### How to value pricing and ratings? How to quantify best value? [closed]

I'm trying to define which hotel offers the best value. Let's say we have two hotels - A and B. For A, you pay $10 a night and the rating for the hotel is 9.8. For B, you pay$8 a night and the ...
1answer
76 views

### What is the best / most used / recommended C++ non-blocking networking library for low-latency / real-time development?

I'm coming from Java and there we use the EPoll selector implementation that comes with the JDK for non-blocking / asynchronous networking TCP and UDP development. Therefore you don't have to make ...
0answers
16 views

### Multi-factor APT model in practice: non-zero mean factors, observations needed and portfolios

I'm going to build a multi-factor APT model for the Swiss market starting from the work made by Chen, Roll and Ross (to which I will add and test some additional factors). I have some doubts though: ...
3answers
65 views

### Sensitivity of short-term vs long term options' IV

I could see that the short-term options' IV raises on earnings announcements when longer-term options' IV does not react too much. So I had this doubt, "Is the volatility of short-term options' IV ...
0answers
126 views

### Transforming 3M volatilities into 6M volatilities in EUR forecast curves

I have implemented a bootstrapping algorithm to extract forward volatilities from cap/floor flat volatilities for different currencies. I am however struggling a bit when implementing a method to ...
1answer
82 views

### Monte Carlo Option Pricing: Averaging Price Per Path

In Glasserman's book, he computes the price of an option by first computing the average price over each simulated price path. Once all the paths have been simulated, the average of all the payoffs is ...
2answers
109 views

### What does a negative stock amount mean in a single-period, binomial market model?

Consider a single-period, binomial market model with a $r > 0$ interest rate (in USD per period) and a portfolio $(x, y)$ consisting of two assets: a savings/lendings account and a stock, both ...
0answers
31 views

### IV of stocks vs IV of options

As for as I have seen, Implied volatility of stocks are easy to understand as there will always be a peak and fall(usually on earnings announcement dates). The magnitude differs but the wave pattern ...
1answer
87 views

### Square of arithmetic brownian motion process

We have an arithmetic Brownian motion process $X_t$ that follows $dX_t=\mu dt + \sigma dZ_t$ and we define the asset price $S_t=X_t^2$ and we are asked to find the stochastic differential equation ...
3answers
36 views

### Swap curve and short maturities

Consider USD Libor 3M swap curve. There are different maturities: 2d, 1m, 3m, 6m, 9m, 1y, 18m etc. The values for 3m, 6m, 9m etc. time buckets are just swap rates for swaps with floating leg equal ...
0answers
13 views

### Proving the convexity of put price [duplicate]

Prove that the price of the European put option is a convex function of the strike price in one-step binomial model. In other words, if $P_E(X)$ is the price of the European put option in one-step ...
0answers
39 views

### Portfolio replication option pricing: Money market position

Why when replicating a call option, the money market position (bond, risk free investment) is negative and when replicating a call option, the money market position is positive? Please explain ...
2answers
99 views

### Cost of rolling futures contracts

Futures are traded on margin, so that the P&L of any open position is realized on the posted margin. To maintain a constant exposure to the future, an expiring contract needs to be rolled into a ...
1answer
43 views

### Bilateral Counterparty risk

Why do counterparty risk pricing adjustments need be considered in a bilateral counterparty risk perspective? Thanks
2answers
52 views

### what data sources are useful for obtaining financial statement data of listed companies NYSE and NASDAQ?

Exactly, I need balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, stock market, bankruptcy situation, fraud situation and corporate governance data of companies in USA. Thanks beforehand,
1answer
51 views

### Put-on-call option confusion

So the question asks: Given a 3-steps Binomial Tree model with $S(0) = 50$, $U = 20%,D = 􀀀20%$, and $R = 5%$. A European call option has the strike price $X = 40$ and maturity time $T = 3$. Also, a ...
2answers
86 views

### What is the arbitrage opportunity in this simple one-period market?

I have a single period market, and three states, and I have 3 risky assets. I assume no interest. So I have three states $\Omega=\{\omega_1,\omega_2,\omega_3\}$. All assets start with the value 1, ...
1answer
62 views

### How to calculate the NPV (Net present Value) in this question? [closed]

A company pays £1,200,000 to purchase a property. The company pays £30,000 at the end of each of the next six months to renovate the property. At the end of the eighth month the company sells the ...
1answer
42 views

### Put call parity: when are the premiums the same?

Please explain why put call parity could be compared to the payoff of a long forward contract. ie. $C_E-P_E=V_X(0)$ where $C_E,P_E$ are the call/put premiums and $V_X(0)$ is the value of a long ...
1answer
37 views

### Replication strategy of European call option

So the question asks: L et $S(0) = 120$ dollars, $u = 0.2$, $d = −0.1$ and $r = 0.1$. Consider a call option with strike price $X = 120$ dollars and exercise time $T = 2$. Find the option price and ...
1answer
73 views

### What qualifications do the traders have that quants don't?

What qualifications do the traders have that quants don't? I know that they are not expected to know as much math, but that can't be it, can it? (I'm not in finance, nor am I really planning to go ...
3answers
83 views

### Can call options be priced with Least-Squares Monte Carlo?

I have been reading about Least-Squares Monte Carlo (using Longstaff & Schwartz algorithm) for option pricing. So far, I have only read examples that uses LSMC for american/bermudan PUT options ...
0answers
14 views

### Calculating portfolio returns from a dynamic, optimal re-balancing strategy

I am calculating a dynamic strategy with optimal re-balancing as in here. As a result of maximizing the expected utility function I obtain the weight for the risky asset in period $t=0$. All such ...
0answers
6 views

### What are appropriate algorithms for forecasting contract schedules to maximize profit?

Imagine a situation where a business negotiates contracts for the maintenance of widgets it sells. Situation Customer buys 20 widgets. Customer negotiates contract for widgets to be ...
1answer
65 views

### Calculating half life of mean reverting series with python

I am currently attempting to calculate the halflife of a mean reverting series using python programming language and the theory of the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. I have a series which when plotted ...
1answer
23 views

### Indexes and return spreads

First and foremost thank you for reading my question, I hope all if you have a Happy Holiday this weekend. On to my question: I am completing an assignment on global sovereign bonds, I've been ...
2answers
31 views

0answers
21 views

### How to calculate the unrealised profit on sinkable bond

How is calculate the unrealised profit on Sinkable Bond when 50% of the bond value already been paid? Is the following method correct: Unrealised P&L = ((Current.Position * Market.Price) - ...
1answer
65 views

### The Relation Between the Ricci flow and the Black-Scholes-Merton Equation

Grisha Perelman once wrote that The Ricci-flow equation, a type of heat equation, is a distant relative of the Black-Scholes equation that bond traders around the world use to price stock and ...
0answers
36 views

### First step of Black-Litterman portfolio

I tried to implement Black-Litterman model. I have a covariance matrix, market capitalization for each asset. I assume a risk aversion factor to be 10. First I use the following code to get ...
2answers
67 views

### Realized “efficient” frontier. Is this reasonable?

I have performed some out-of-sample analysis of mean-variance optimization with monthly rebalancing. Studying the "realized efficient frontier", I am worried that something is wrong. Since the ...
2answers
95 views

### A proof that the final payoff on a futures contract is twice that on a forward contract

Following is an argument demonstrating that the final payoff on a futures contract is twice that on a forward contract, contrary to what I believe is the accepted truth that the two payoffs are the ...
1answer
40 views

### Zero-rate USD Curve

Good day, I have inputs: Libor 1D, 1M, 2m, 3m. FRA 3x6, 3x9, 3x12 IRS 2Y, 30Y. What formula should I use to construct zero rate curve? Thanks
1answer
36 views

### What exactly do I sell when I sell a futures contract I have previously bought?

Suppose I buy a futures contract and later, before expiry date, I sell it out. Is something physically exchanged between myself and the buyer, e.g. a paper certificate specifying the contract's ...

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