# All Questions

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### How to calculate break-even point of merged plant/company?

The question goes like this : ...
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### Market portfolio [closed]

If I create portfolio consisting of three stocks and build efficient frontier for this portfolio and if there is a risk free rate for treasury bills and then I draw tangent line from risk free rate on ...
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### Why is convexity adjustment applied to swap price for a nonstandard swap, in simple terms?

Martinelli et al. show that when the 3-month Libor is replaced by the 3-month Libor forward rates (which are obtained from the spot zero-coupon yield) then the swap price depends only on zero-coupon ...
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### Bloomberg Python Question - How do you access PRTU via python?

I am having some trouble using python to access Bloomberg as I cant find much documentation. All I really need to do is a simple lookup of dates in the PRTU function of Bloomberg, PRTU via a python ...
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### Obtaining the drift of a Wiener process formed from a random walk

I'm trying to understand how the equation for Geometric Brownian Motion is formed from a random walk. I'm following the book 'Statistics of Financial Markets' but I'm struggling to follow how the ...
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### Bond portfolio hedging against currency risk

How do I hedge a bond portfolio against currency risk? Ideally I'm looking for books or other references on this topic.
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### Compare the IRRs of two bonds

Say i have two 3 year bonds, which pay an annual coupon of 8% (1st bond) and 10% (2nd bond) respectively. Also, let's assume, that the spot curve is the same for both bonds. Other things equal, how ...
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### Working Capital Change vs. Working Capital Changes-Total

I am working with compustat data and I can't figure out difference between 2 columns: Working Capital Changes - Total Working Capital Change / Other / Increase/(Decrease) For the same date columns ...
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### impact model what volatility to use

I am looking at the market impact paper here (http://www.cims.nyu.edu/~almgren/papers/costestim.pdf) and I had a question about volatility on page 11. On page 11 it is stated: "For volatility, we use ...
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I just wanted to make sure this was correct: If AUD/USD has bid ask of 0.71999/ 0.72032, that implies there is another (theoretical) pair USD/AUD which has a bid ask of (1/aud_usd_ask) / ...
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### Verifying an identity of an equation for Black Scholes formula

I just started working on the Black Scholes formula with help of the book Financial option valuation by Higham. Apparently you are possible to derive the following function: ...
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### pricing american calls on non dividend paying stocks

It is never optimal to exercise an american call option early if it is written on a stock that doesn't pay dividends, yet when pricing such an option, using a binomial model, we check whether or not ...
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### Discounting dividends and terminal value in valuation

I am new to finance and valuation in particular. I have a query regarding discounting dividends and terminal value for valuation using dividend discount model. I have created an illustration to help ...
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### Trying to understand how to convert profit to home currency

I'm looking at example 2 here: http://fxtrade.oanda.ca/analysis/profit-calculator/how ...
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### Risk free rate proxy

Why is the US 30 day t bill traditionally used as a risk free rate instead of Euro bonds for example? They are both not going to default surely?
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### Why is the forward price set to make the value of the forward contract to 0 when it is signed? [closed]

When I study the forward contract, I read that the forward price must be the price that makes the the value of the contract zero. I searched for the answer, but there are many versions. Some say it ...
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### What is the difference between gross and net enterprise wide risk?

Reading a Basel paper on recommendations on internal economic capital models. One of the recommendations says members of the bank's board should be able to demonstrate understanding of the difference ...
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### negative transition probability in trinomial trees

I was pricing a option with big dividend in the underlying. However, I got negative transition probability in a trinomial tree. Will it cause arbitrage? Does anyone have reference paper or book ...
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### What is wrong in my non-linear estimation sample code?

I am trying to reproduce the code and plot you see here on pages 8,9 and 10 which was coded in MATLAB, but I'd like to convert it to R code. I believe I converted the MATLAB code below to R syntax ...
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### Impact / slippage model for open and closing crossing auctions?

The general impact model for trading a VWAP order throughout the day has the form of: $\alpha \cdot \sigma_n \cdot \text{(participation rate)}^\beta$ I'm looking for an impact / slippage model of ...
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### Why is GARCH more often applied in risk analysis than stochastics?

I am trying to look out for something I can engage in for my final year project (M.Sc) but my interests lie more in risk analysis (specifically credit risk). I have tried searching the web but really ...
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### Can I use PyAlgoTrade for Forex?

Is it possible to use PyAlgoTrade for Forex related algorithms? If it is, please point me in the right direction on how to get PyAlgoTrade to work on Forex data.
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### State of Art - Nelson Siegel Modeling

My idea is to work with dynamic Nelson Siegel models(DNS) on my master's thesis. As I am finishing undergraduation this year I started researching on the subject. I wonder what is being discussed in ...
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### Monte Carlo VaR assuming logistic distribution

I have a Monte Carlo model which measures the Value at Risk (VaR) for given portfolio. I use the geometric brownian motion to model the prices. But let's say I assumed the returns of prices follow the ...
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### How do I incorporate dividends into options pricing

-Hey all, recently I encountered the necessity to incorporate dividends into options pricing. Lets say I have the following american put option: Initial price - 100, T-0.25, Volatility is 30%, Number ...
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### Can I get Black-Scholes option price from greeks?

I am unpleased with current Interactive Brokers risk graph for option strategies, so I'm planning on writing an application myself to plot it. My initial idea is to get the option greek values from ...
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### Callable bond pricing

I have a HKD callable bond maturing in 2022. the call schedule is bermudan and the next call date is 10/17/16 and redemption price is 100 (the call date is 10/17 every year till maturity). Initially ...
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### What are the causes of incorrect prices in the market?

If market resiliency, a measure of liquidity, is the amount of time it takes a market to bounce back from temporarily incorrect prices, then what makes a price "incorrect"? Is this like fat-finger ...
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### What is wrong with this argument?

Futures trading in stock index gives leverage. Leverage cuts both ways. It can give you huge pct gains or wipe you out. Typically stock index futures for the major markets have limited daily pct ...
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### Bid, Ask and pnl allocation

I am quite new to the field of market making and was asking myself the following question: Suppose I have 2 clients: lets call them client 1 and 2. I'm market maker. Client 1 buys 100 shares from ...
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### Abritrage when Put Option Greater then Strike Price?

I am having a tough time conceptualizing this question here: Let $P$= Price of European Option, $S$ = Present Price of Option and $K$ = Strike Price. If $P > K$, why does abritrage exist? Assuming ...
I'm backtesting a statistical arbitrage strategy. To calculate the PnL I simply use $Y(t)-Y(t+n)$ for the profit on the first leg and $\beta*X(t) - \beta*X(t+n)$ for the profit on the second leg, ...