# All Questions

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### Black-Scholes: Why the focus on volatility?

We know Black-Scholes is an imperfect model for options pricing. Why is so much of the analysis of its defects focused on implied volatility? The fact that IV varies for the same stock at the same ...
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### How to normalize stock data

Please advise how can i normalize stock prices. Recently, I've been using such formulas: Log prices = Ln(Close(t)) Close(t)-Mean (Close(t)-Mean)/(StdDev) Ln(Close(t))-Mean Is there any other ...
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### GARCH(1,1) prediction in R - Basic Questions

Background to question: Hi, I was trying to fit a GARCH(1,1) model to the variance of log returns of a series, and ARMA(0,0) for the mean. I was using the fGarch package to do this. The aim of the ...
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### ADF test in R yielding perfect cointegration. How is this possible?

I am using the famous conintegrated pairs tutorial to just different stocks for cointegration. The adf.test yeilds perfect cointegration, which I feel must be incorrect. Here is why: When I run ...