# All Questions

3k views

### Why are there still manual market makers in options

Why are manual market makers still predominant in options markets? Why haven't algorithms replaced these market makers, as they have for liquid stocks for example?
590 views

### FIX binary decoder

Not sure if this is the right question board for this - It sounds like CME is switching their MDP platform from FAST to Simple Binary Encoding and it will be going to production soon. Does anybody ...
129 views

### Binomial lattice convergence

How do I measure how quickly a binomial lattice converges to an option value as the number of steps is increased? I'm charting option value versus number of steps for various binomial lattice models ...
276 views

### Stat Arb Equity Pair Position Trigger

I am new to pairs trading and am in the process of constructing the code for backtesting a basic pair trading strategy. While I understand the basic idea behind the pair trading strategy, I am having ...
52 views

### What mean factor behind a yield?

When quoting a yield of a transaction e.g. yield 3.8% behind the yield it is quote "factor" - in this case of a yield of 3.8% it is mentioned in brackets (factor 26.11) . The lower the yield the ...
286 views

### Basic question about bonds pricing

I decided to recap my knowledge in interest rates, and decided to start with Chapter 4 on interest rates (in 8th edition) of the Hull's book "Options, Futures and Other derivatives". In 4.3 the ...
3k views

### Calculate Average Price, Cost, (Un)Realized P&L of a position based on executed trades

We have built an algorithmic trading software and need to calculate the following parameters for each position in our portfolio. Average Price Cost Realized Profit & Loss Unrealized Profit & ...
212 views

### Can Beneish's model for detecting earnings manipulation be applied to companies in the UK?

As I understand it this model derived from data for US companies. Is it valid to apply the model as is to UK companies or does it require any modifications? Description of the model: ...
208 views

### Fundamental reasons for the stock price change

Let us start from the old times, where markets were less liquid. Suppose I hold some stocks of the company XYZ and I want to sell them. Why shall I expect that their price can rise in the next quarter ...
144 views

### “Real” DMA to Options Markets

I'm looking for a broker with DMA to large options markets (CME, ISE, CBOE). Broker should be HFT friendly, i.e. offer fast API, low fees for huge amount of trades and so on. Price is not an issue. ...
338 views

Consider a non-liquid option market with a wide bid-ask spreads across all strikes. Spot: \$52 A snapshot of the \$50 strike shows: ...
97 views

### Survey of market making strategies and research [duplicate]

I am undergoing a focused study of market making theory. So far, I've encountered the following papers: Market Making and Mean Reversion Adapting to a Market Shock: Optimal Sequential Market-Making ...
707 views

### How to simulate stock prices with stochastic time change subordinated arithmetic Brownian Motion?

the idea is to simulate price returns thus to be normally distributed i 'am trying to use subordinated arithmetic brownian motion subordinated to time activity (volume) stock prices are following GBM ...
266 views

### What is the correct Stutzer index and Sharpe ratio relation, assuming a normal returns distribution?

Assuming the returns distribution is normal, then there is a relation between Stutzer index and Sharpe ratio. However, I found in the following paper 2 different equation: Paper I (page 10-11)‎ ...
383 views

### Why is the Put-Call Symmetry model dependent?

The put-call symmetry states that C(S,t;X,r,q) = P(X,t;S,q,r), and that this works for American options. According to my notes, this is 'model dependent' because it ...
488 views

### Trader's identity in a limit book

In a limit book like NASDAQ ITCH, can liquidity suppliers know the demand-side identity of a trader prior or after a trade? Knowing this will help me with my theoretical model that I am trying to ...
136 views

### Calculating spot level using tick data

What is a proper (or commonly used/accepted) way of calculating some spot value with tick data? At the moment I can think of two options: Take the latest available best bid, latest available best ...
360 views

### Delta in Covered Calls?

Just want to check whether i understand it correctly: Long Calls have positive delta Long Puts have negative Delta Long stock has 0.01 delta 100 Shares have 1 delta Therefore: Covered Call = 1 ...
203 views

### Market Standard Pricing Models for Fixed Income Securities (Vanilla)

To clarify my heading, I have been searching for a material that consolidates all standard Fixed Income Security Pricing. E.g. ...
672 views

### Setting up Schedule for an amortizing floater in QuantLib

I am unsure as to the exact arguments required for the Schedule function for an amortizing floater - my code is listed below. Specifically, my question pertains to whether the schedule should always ...
579 views

### Differential equation for log-returns

I have a question that might be trivial to most of you, but somehow I'm not able to solve it by myself. I have a disagreement with my colleague on the distributional properties of a Geometric Brownian ...
313 views

### Is there a contradiciton between option prices being martingales and the use of options for speculation?

It seems like there is a contradiction between the fact the option pricing is risk-neutral and the large amount of option trading that is done for speculation. Since the option is risk-neutral, a ...
412 views

### In Mean-Variance Analysis, why not the efficient frontier being pushed to the left near the axis?

I took some classes in portfolio theory, and learnt the Markowitz Mean-Variance Analysis. If only two risky assets, the efficient frontier would be a hyperbola passing through the two points; now if ...
313 views

### Implied term structure from risky discount curve: does it make sense?

We know that, taken every discount curve, it's possible to calculate its forward rates according to our tenor preferences. We know also that it's actually possible to extract an implied term ...
1k views

### FIX- what exactly do repeating groups represent?

I am trying to find out what is the purpose of "repeating groups" in FIX and what exactly do they represent? Are they all related to the same order and if so, why do you need repeated tags? If they ...
60 views

### Calculating the error of a Trinomial Model

I've been trying to find a formula to obtain the maximum relative error a trinomial model with n timesteps will incur given all other inputs as compared to the standard BSM model. I'm concerned mostly ...
488 views

### Automatic fixing of missing floating rate in QuantLib's addFixing()

Due to the periodic fixing of floating rate bonds's coupon rates, in order to calculate the bond clean price one must tell the pricing engine to account for previous LIBOR rate fixing. If I am right ...
472 views

### Which method is implemented by Excel's YEARFRAC for ACT/ACT?

I know the algorithm used by Excel to calculate the YEARFRAC(startDate, endDate, basis) for basis=1. Excel calls the method "act/act". A Java re-implentation of Excel's algorithm can be found at ...
739 views

### Robust Returns-Based Style Analysis

Sharpe's Return-Based Style Analysis is an interesting theory but flawed in practice when working with long-short funds or funds that are changing strategies over shorter periods of time due to the ...
248 views

### Definition of “tenor” argument in QuantLib's Schedule class object

In QuantLib an object of class Schedule takes const Period &tenor as argument. I would ...
649 views

### Calculating arbitrage- S&P 500 stocks vs S&P 500 Index future?

How exactly would I go about investigating whether the S&P 500 stocks were currently over-valued compared with the price of the S&P 500 Index futures contract? Is it just a case of taking each ...
387 views

### Is this methodology to calculate Alpha using multi-factor regression model correct?

I am trying to find out Historical Alphas of a bunch of fund returns ${F_i}$ by Using Regression Model$(stepwise)$ with regressors as its underlying exposure-returns(risk-free rate subtracted) i.e. ...
133 views

Is there a quant model that can help estimate how much slippage one would have to give up in order to get an "option spread" (vertical, butterflies, etc.) order executed? What factors should one look ...
296 views

### Time series analysis on illiquid price data?

Say for example I have the following company in some specialized industry: A - Company that is about to be listed in Exchange 1, i.e., no price history B - Company that produce similar products as ...
822 views

### Fitting a GARCH BEKK model

I am trying to find whether there is significant volatility transmission between two price series (t=1000). A literature review learned me that the GARCH BEKK model is suitable for this. The SAS ...
422 views

### Are there any other standard rates term structure decomposition than PCA?

PCA is sometimes used to estimate components in the rates term structure. Are there any other standard method discussed in the literature or used in practice, what are their advantages and ...
72 views

### Input for unanticipated risk premium estimation

In the paper "Economic Forces and the Stock Market" by Chen, Roll and Ross, unanticipated risk premium (URP) is tested as a potential risk factor for stock returns. This factor is commonly calculated ...
73 views

### How to choose a window for curve fitting and prediction?

I am using Pareto distribution to fit a serie of survival rates (with least square). My ultimate goal is to use this fitting curve for prediction. Thus I would mainly focus on the tail of the ...
619 views

### Testing the validity of a factor model for stock returns

Consider the following m regression equation system: $$r^i = X^i \beta^i + \epsilon^i \;\;\; \text{for} \;i=1,2,3,..,n$$ where $r^i$ is a $(T\times 1)$ vector of the T observations of the dependent ...
93 views

### How to show that the risk contribution function is or is not injective?

Assume a portoflio $w \in \mathbb{R}^n$, you can get the total risk contribution $\psi_i$ of asset $i$ by doing: \psi_i = w_i \frac{\partial \sigma(w)}{\partial w_i}= \frac{1}{\sigma(w)} \left[ ...
557 views

### Long/Short portfolio return

Suppose I have a Po with one long, one short positions and some cash (to balance the short + 50% margin) as shown below: ...
507 views

### Transaction Data with Participant ID

For my master thesis, I need high-frequency data with the market participant ID or which identifies the trading parties, respectively. I don't need the entire orderbook but just the matched orders ...
1k views

### What is exactly Euler's decomposition?

I have often seen the following statement in different paper: As $\sigma$ is homogeneous and of degree 1, we use Euler decomposition and write \$\sigma(x)=\sum_{i=1}^n x_i \frac{\partial ...
723 views

### Index arbitrage with Options when not all underlyings have options listed?

One arbitrage strategy involves looking at the price of the Index Futures price compared with the prices of the options contracts for the underlyings. My question is, can this arbitrage strategy ...
127 views

### Do you use software for finite element valuation or do you roll your own?

Engineers put a lot of time and effort in developping high quality finite element (FE) software (deal.II, Dune, Elmer,...). So I was wondering if some of those tools would be suitable for quantitative ...
390 views

### Should I use QuickFix or a 3rd-party commercial API to connect to the CME

I already use QuickFixN to connect to FX ECNs, and am now looking to branch out into futures. Googling it, it seems as if there are a lot of 3rd party APIs which are written to do this, but is there ...
406 views

### Where does CME store Security IDs for FIX messages?

Where does CME store Security IDs for FIX messages? I cannot find them anywhere? So given Security ID XX I can go and work out what product this actually is?
1k views

I am looking for academic articles which model the p&L of market makers. I have read the Ho-Stoll (1984) article. Is there any recent article on this subject?