# All Questions

1answer
74 views

### Adjusting open, highs and lows for past monthly stock prices?

I'm looking into modelling monthly stock prices and want to start off by using data from Yahoo Finance. I know that the closing prices given there are adjusted for stock splits and dividends, but ...
1answer
53 views

### how market makers set the time factor to calculate option greeks on the expiration day?

how market makers set the time factor to calculate option greeks on the expiration day? does they set time equal 1/24or 2/24 when only 1hour or 2hour left? what frequency market makers update new time ...
1answer
124 views

### Can one use the Greeks (delta,gamma,theta) to show that the Black-Scholes call formula satisfies the Black-Scholes PDE?

If so, is there a derivation anywhere that shows this? I was told that this could be done in a class but I don't see how it's possible.
1answer
196 views

### Close price or adjclose price to calculate volatility?

To calculate volatility, which price in FTSE table is used? When do we use close price for calculating volatility? Do we use adjclose (adjusted close price) for calculating volatility as well? when ...
1answer
129 views

### What are the good book to understand economics? [closed]

I am currently studying managerial economics by W. Bruce Allen. The book is good. Are there any good book with quizzes , that makes economics sweeter? Books that relate to real world facts and figure ...
1answer
67 views

### PWIQF excercise solution

I am software developer with no previous experience or knowledge in finance and have recently been starting to build my knowledge in this area. I am working through the book: Paul Wilmott Introduces ...
1answer
144 views

### Debt vs. Equity?

What determines whether an investment should be made using debt vs. equity? For example, startups are often financed with equity, while mortgages are always financed using debt. What characteristics ...
2answers
201 views

### Avoiding negative spread in pairs trading

I'm constructing money-neutral spread by this formula: Spread = log(P1) - log(P2), where P1 and P2 is prices of two instruments But sometimes spread can get into ...
3answers
202 views

### hedging with known volatility

Suppose we have a stock $X$ at which trades at 100 dollars. We suppose the stock follows a geometric brownian motion. We know that the interest rate is zero and annual volatility is 10 percent. How ...
1answer
200 views

### S&P500 components at specific date [duplicate]

I am trying to reproduce a method presented in a scientific paper. They used the following dataset: daily closing prices of S&P500 stocks (the first 100, alphabetically by ticker, with a full ...
1answer
185 views

### How to backtest the VaR model?

I have a sorted historical P&L vector of 250 days and say, I want to calculate the 90% VaR on this distribution. I will look for the 225 element (90% * 250 = 225) and this will be my Value at ...
1answer
1k views

### S&P's Sovereign Ratings: Clarification on Definitions and Symbols

Similar to a question I asked earlier on, but I am now looking at S&P's sovereign ratings. Here, as in the case of Moody's, a few things are unclear to me in terms of the definitions used by ...
1answer
334 views

### How do I simulate stock prices for a 10 asset portfolio, over a period of 10 years in MATLAB? [closed]

If I have given vectors for return and volatility (i.e. I have two 1x10 vectors), and I assume at first that their correlation is 0 (meaning my covariance-variance matrix is just diagonal), how do I ...
1answer
163 views

### Estimate the market maker's price from the posted Bid/Ask and Trade price

If I see a Bid at 181.77 and and Ask at 181.78 for SPY and then immediately see a trade filled at 181.77 on BATS, then what can we conclude about market making activity? i.e At what price did the ...
1answer
254 views

### Interpolation on CDS rates

I am just wondering if there is any way we could calculate a CDS Spread (not harzard rate) on a CDS curve. Most of the papers that I have come across so far discuss about interpolating the hazard ...
1answer
129 views

### what is considered material information? [closed]

I'm trying to understand what is considered "material" information held by an executive of a company. There is company information that an executive (say insider) will know that a public investor will ...
1answer
556 views

### Is there a difference between crossing network and ECN

Is there a difference between a crossing network and an ECN? The wikipedia page for Crossing Network says that ECN is a type of crossing network. But crossing network has the smell of a semi-legal ...
1answer
85 views

### How does a cross trade pose a problem to the retail investor

How does a cross trade pose a disadvantage to the retail client. In this explanation It says: ...
1answer
168 views

### Expected payoff and weighted average price

Settings Let you're trading a security whose probability to be equal to $S_{T}$ at time $T$ follows a p.d.f. like the ones in the picture below. (That is just an example found with Google images, ...
1answer
397 views

### How can I calculate the Cumulant-Generating Function in Matlab?

Let $M(h)$ be the moment-generating function, then the cumulant generating function is given by $$K(h)=\text{ln}M(h)=\\ =\kappa_1h+\frac{1}{2!}h^2\kappa_2+\frac{1}{3!}h^3\kappa_3+\ldots$$ where ...
1answer
131 views

### What is the realized volatility's estimation error?

Given an estimation procedure and real data, how would one compute the mean squared error? What value represents the "true" realized volatility in the case of calculating the Mean Squared Error in ...
1answer
343 views

### IB with R which package?

I want to implement my models in R and trade according to them with my IB account. Now I am wondering, how I should solve this problem? Do I need to program with C an access ...
1answer
121 views

### Choosing a weak learner

I want to compare different error rates of different classifiers with the error rate from a weak learner (better than random guessing). So, my question is, what are a few choices for a simple, easy to ...
1answer
112 views

### Why does the SMA and EMA appear to be relative to the timeframe?

Why does the value of the SMA and EMA for the current time appear to change when I change my timescale. I'm using ActiveTrader by Fidelity, but I'm hoping there's an general phenomenon so that someone ...
1answer
666 views

### Question about weighted midpoint formula

The answers from these two replies seem to contradict each other. The first numerator is bidSize*bidPrice + askSize*askPrice but the second is bidSize*askPrice + askSize*bidPrice. Price functions ...
1answer
734 views

### converting US tickers into Reuters RIC [duplicate]

I have a large list of US equity tickers such as: "GIRO", "ITUB", "BITA" etc and I would like to convert them into their corresponding RIC codes. Do you know how can I do it? I have access to ...
1answer
85 views

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389 views

### Non-intuitive correlation between S&P sector indexes and economic indicators

I am trying to understand how changes in economic indicators like Unemployment Rate, Inflation Rate, and Consumer Sentiment affect the portfolio values. For that I want to measure the correlation ...
1answer
106 views

### Analyst Forecasts for monthly unemployment rate

Are there any resources that tabulate past analyst forecasts for the monthly unemployment rate along with the dispersion of the forecasts
2answers
704 views

### expected value of the discounted payoff

I don't understand the following statement: The price of a contingent claim is the expected value of the discounted payoff value under the risk neutral probability measure Q deﬁned in complete markets ...
1answer
183 views

### Floor and Cap problem

So I have a problem from Marcel Finan's "A Basic Course in the Theory of Interest and Derivative Markets." We are going over floors and caps, covered puts and covered calls. Consider the following ...
2answers
375 views

### Matlab; How to specify Coupon frequency for Interest Rate Swap

I'm trying to price an interest rate swap and would like to change the default coupon payment frequency from 1 a year to 2 or 4 a year. I'm using ...
1answer
193 views

### Grokking Stochastic Oscillator for Stocks

In software, I'm trying to implement the Stochastic Oscillator (see here), and I'd like to figure out a few things. Let's say I use standard inputs 14, 3 and 3. If my 14 is for intraday ticks, what ...
2answers
172 views

### monthly contract volume required for penny increments?

Have the exchanges disclosed their criteria? Does anyone have a best guess based upon observations of volume (however you wish to define it)? Please no qualitative answers.
1answer
105 views

### Assessing Forcasting with Correlated Residuals

Trying to use a linear regression model to forcast the CPI. I noticed that when I took a moving average of the residuals, though homsokedatisc and nonautocorrelated(ie they squiggle up&down with ...
1answer
348 views

### Doesn't a perpetual option contradict the Black-Scholes framework?

A standard example when learning to price American options is the perpetual American put. This is a put that has no expiry (or you can consider T = infinity). The standard solution prices this using ...
1answer
496 views

### main arbitrage & statistical arbitrage concepts

can we please summarise here some of the basic concepts, tools used in arbitrage and statistical arbitrage in real life? ARB: benefit from price difference on same asset ARB: difference between ...

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