# All Questions

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### Can the Heston model be shown to reduce to the original Black Scholes model if appropriate parameters are chosen?

Summary For Heston model parameters that render the variance process constant, the solution should revert to plain Black-Scholes. Closed from solutions to the Heston model don't seem to do this, even ...
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### Benfords law and quantitative finance

Benford's law has been applied in various ways for detecting fraud (e.g. elections or accounting). But what are the most useful applications of Benford in quantitative finance? Are there any? I have ...
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### Backtesting VaR model violation independence

I am interested in hearing about the practitioner state of the art for testing the time independence of a VaR model (i.e. that VaR violations are independent in time). There are a number of tests in ...
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### Long-term vs short-term strategies \ investing

Suppose most investors have very short investing horizons and use appropriate (for them) strategies, but investor X has a very long horizon. He would like to trade some advantages (early withdrawal ...
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### Indexes/stocks with flat implied volatilities

After the 1987 crash, the S&P500 index implied volatility changed from nearly flat to negatively sloped. According to Rubinstein the Black-Scholes model was not so wrong when applied to the ...
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### Why don't options traders use charts? Or do they?

Retail trading platforms typically offer equity charts but only instantaneous quotes on options. It seems like even a few minutes of historical data would be useful when entering an order. Are charts ...
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### Neglect the positive values in negative interest rates modelling?

The magnitude of the negative interested rate should vary correlated with the increase in fixed assets prices and with cross-currency basis spreads. Could their volatility / correlation ...
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### Separated software and physical cash flows modelling and pricing to be used with negative interest rates?

The physical cash presence in the final transactions is one of the issues in the presently observed negative interest rates bonds. Such a situation has historically been modelled within the "liquidity ...
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### Should portfolio be optimized by marking to the future than marking to market (excluding currencies)?

Observing the negative interest bonds in Switzerland, Denmark, GErmany the value of higher presently (credit-free) outgoing cash flows seems less important than the value of lower future (credit-free) ...
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### Is inverted Japanese style curve persistent when negative rates are real / market - observed?

Are the inverted (Japanese style) governmental yield curves being a sign a recession/credit risk or should they be modelled as being due to a lack of liquidity? (...with such curves evolving into a ...
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### St Petersburg lottery pricing & short investing horizons

I am a statistician (no solid background in finance). Please forward me to a book \ chapter \ paper to resolve the following general question. Suppose we have a stock with the following monthly return ...
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### Modelling with negative interest rates

For a project, I am interested to model the impact of recently negative interest bonds on the portfolio. The literature on modelling negative interest rates is limited, and the only theory I could ...
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### What is the meaning of subadditivity in a risk measure?

The subadditivity reads: $\rho(X_1+X_2) \leq \rho(X_1) + \rho(X_2)$ What is the meaning of this condition? I can vaguely accept that one should diversify the investment portfolio. Or, I can ...
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### Question on OIS and fed funds rate

If i am considering the 0-5 year irs spread for the USD market, would it be more accurate to use the fed funds rate or the OIS rate? I believe the OIS rate is calculated based on the fed funds rate, ...
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### How to estimate CAViaR (Engle and Manganelli 2004) using non linear quantile regression?

I am trying to replicate results from Engle and Manganelli (2004). The following is one of their specifications, $q_t(\theta)=\gamma_0+\gamma_1q_{t-1}(\theta)+\alpha|r_{t-1}|$, $q$ is the quantile of ...
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### Basic question about Black Scholes derivation

In the derivation of the Black Scholes equation, the value of the portfolio at time $t$ is given by $$P_t = -D_t + \frac{{\partial D_t}}{{\partial S_t}}S_t$$ where $P_t$ is the value of the ...
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### Sufficient conditions for no static arbitrage

In Carr and Madan (2005), the authors give sufficient conditions for a set of call prices to arise as integrals of a risk-neutral probability distribution (See Breeden and Litzenberger (1978)), and ...
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### Is this a common variation of sharpe ratio?

As an aside on his answer on another question Freddy said: Sharpe ratio is an often cited metric, though I do not like it too much because you are penalized for out-sized positive returns while ...
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### Appropriate method for calculating negative returns on a trading strategy?

I have a cumulative profit/loss time series below for a trading strategy, what is the appropriate way to calculate the returns in percentage for such a series? My issue is the appropriate ...
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### portfolio optimisation with VaR (or CVaR) constraints

I would like to optimize a portfolio allocation (maximizing the exposure or the expected return), but with VaR or CVaR contraints. (some parts of my portfolio cannot exceed a certain VaR) How can I ...
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### How to develop journeymanship and mastery in the field Quantitative Finance?

I've read the FAQ and I know that this question may be considered off-topic by the standards set forth but I think a topic such as this is a valid exception. Questions like this one have been ...
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### How to simulate cointegrated prices

Is there any simple way to simulate cointegrated prices?
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### How far back is normal to backtest an ATS ? [duplicate]

Possible Duplicate: How much data is needed to validate a short-horizon trading strategy? How far back do people usually backtest trading systems? months? years?
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### How to normalize different instruments by volatility?

I'm trying to think on a way to normalize stocks to be on the same scale depending on their recent volatility. Is there some theoretical reference on the subject or and experience you can share?
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### What is “high frequency quoting” or “quote spam”?

What is called "high frequency quoting" or "quote spam" in the context of high frequency trading? Why do some people consider that as a problem for the market?
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### How credible is Knight pointing the finger at Rule 107C?

After the Knight Capital incident, I decided to read into the new Rule 107C that NYSE pushed-out August 1st for a one-year pilot. From what I've read, Knight claims that new code rolled out for this ...
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### FpML class generation gives error

I am creating classes out of 5.1 FPML specification but I get following error. ...
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### Implications of the Riemann hypothesis in finance?

I was recently at a seminar by a top hedge fund manager at a top university for finance students, when one of the finance professors asked him what do you think are important areas of research for my ...
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### Analyzing an incomplete set of trades

Say I have access to logs of all trades executed on an ECN with the price maker and taker named. These traders are only executing some of their flow on this ECN (anywhere from 5%-80% of their ...
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### is there any quantitative index to describe the strength of 'trend' ？ [closed]

i am using trend following strategy in stock market. If you look at the price chart, you can tell one stock's trend is stronger than the other. Now i want to develop an index to calculate the ...
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### market completion under stochastic volatility model

Consider a stochastic volatility model. As there are two sources of risk and one asset only, this is an incomplete market. One can complete the market by considering a derivative V1 used to hedge the ...
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### Why does the price of a derivative not depend on the derivative with which you hedge volatility risk?

I'm trying to derive the valuation equation under a general stochastic volatility model. What one can read in the literature is the following reasoning: One considers a replicating self-financing ...
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### Backtest pair trade strategy in R

I am looking for some tips on how to run a simple backtest on a pairtrading strategy intraday using eg. 30minute bars. I have calculated the spread, ...
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### What is the relative performance of hard-to-borrow securities?

Is there any research on the equity return performance of hard-to-borrow securities? Many shops will simply screen for hard-to-borrow and eliminate these names from their short book. Anecdotally, ...
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### Looking for FpML best practices

We want start using FpML within our organisation; where message will be sent using FpML. What are best practices to do this ? If anyone who have used Tools as well as; i want to use FpML for ...
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### How high of a Sharpe ratio is implausibly high for a low-frequency equity strategy?

I am looking to convince someone that an annualized Sharpe Ratio of 7 is 'extremely high' for a low frequency (daily rebalancing, say) long-short technical strategy on U.S. equities. I was hoping for ...
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### Should I use SSAS to store Tick and bar data?

I have been looking for a low cost solution to effectively store and query tick and bar data. Databases like kdb+ and Streambase are too expensive for me. Building a custom solution with SSAS (Sql ...