# All Questions

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### probability that the stock price is below the strike price

How can I prove that under the risk-neutral probability: $\mathbb{P}[S_{t}<K]=-\frac{\partial{C}}{\partial{K}}(K,T)$ where $S_{t}$ is the stock price, K is the strike price, C is the call ...
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### Random walks and using the reflection principle

Consider exercise 5.5 from Shreve volume 1: For part (I), I understand how you can use reflection to show that $P(M_n^*\geq m, M_n=b)=P(M_n=2m-b)$. However, it seems to me that this latter ...
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### Is it likely that banks would become clients of algotrading companies? [closed]

Algotrading is growing, while banks don't currently have the HR to continually develop sophisticated algorithms on their own. Is it likely that banks (and governments) would become clients of ...
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### Good book about replicating portfolios

I want to know if anybody can suggest me a good textbook which explains in detail and in an understandable way how to create replicating portfolios of financial instruments like options "cash or ...
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How can i download historical price data from interactive brokers using IbPy and python?
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### How to forecast bond price with time series

I have the goal of being able to develop a model that can forecast the future prices of european government bond (or other private bonds), particularly from the historical prices and returns of the ...
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### What are the different Credit Portfolio Management models and what are their advantages?

CreditMetrics, RiskMetrics(Algorithims), etc. are all different risk methodologies used by many banks. However, what are their advantages/disadvantages? I would appreciate your replies!
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### How do I get a list of yahoo tickers for NYSE

I use Yahoo finance to get financial data. How do I get a list of all the ticker symbols in NYSE, NYSEMKT and NASDAQ stock exchanges. (Or even just one of the exchanges)
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### Financial Mathematics essay topic

I have a mathematics background and I am currently doing a Masters in Financial Mathematics. I am required to write an essay in a financial mathematics area but I have little knowledge about it since ...
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### Linear Model setup for Second-pass Regression

I'm confused on modeling the second pass regression given the beta's from the first pass. First-pass regression : $r_{it} - r_{ft} = a_{i}+b_{i}(r_{Mt}-r_{ft})+e_{it}$ For estimating this model (9 ...
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### Basic questions on the yield curve

When people say "yield curve", do they mean yield/time curve, or yield/price curve? It seems that most of the time, people refer to yield/time curve, as wikipedia suggests. Though sometimes, people ...
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### Sharpe Ratio vs Net Profit vs max drawdown

When evaluating the performance of an algorithm, what should hold more importance? Sharpe Ratio , Net profit or max drawdown? For instance, I have two algorithms one performs very good on Stocks with ...
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### How important is the limit order book?

I'm trying to understand how important the limit order today for NYSE, NASDAQ, Euronext and LSE. For example, when we talk about the volume traded during the day, what share of that volume has been ...
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### Pricing of Binary or Digital Options or more generally options with discontinuous payoffs using PDEs

I am trying to find references (books, papers, etc.) for calculating $\mathbb E f(X_T)$, where $X_T$ is a diffusion and $f$ is a real function that is not continuous, by means of solving a PDE or ...
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### How to adjust historical data highs/lows for splits and dividends?

When I download historical data from yahoo finance, only the closing price is adjusted for dividends/splits. Is there a way of figuring out the factor by which lets say the highs/lows have to be ...
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### Convert a call spread to a butterfly to mitigate risk

I do not have a source for this (apologies), but sometimes, I hear about option traders initiating a vertical spread(short) and then converting that call spread to a butterfly spread to mitigate risk. ...
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### Why theta multipled by days to expiry exceeds the total time premium of the option

Sometimes, I find an option where the total time value of the option may be 5 cents(rest is intrinsic value) and there are about 15 days to expiry and theta is .08 (8 cents). How is this possible. If ...
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### Pricing of a call option in one period binomial model

You are given a $5\%$ call option worth $\$2.66$. The strike price$k$is$\$41.00$. $S(0)=40$, $Sd=35$ (i.e the lower price of the stock at $t=1$) find $Su$ (i.e the high price of the stock at ...
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### Can the Minimum Variance Hedge ratio be greater than 1?

The Minimum Variance Hedge ratio is defined as: $h = \rho * \frac{\sigma_S}{\sigma_F}$ For correlation $\rho$ and $\sigma_S , \sigma_F$ for S.D. of changes in asset and future prices accordingly. ...
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### Under what circumstances would one want to delta hedge a straddle

Under what circumstances would one want to delta hedge a straddle option? This link explains: ...