# All Questions

118 views

### CVA number used by Finance Team

What are different reasons, Finance Team will need CVA number for? Is there any specific regulatory reporting to be done?
190 views

### Non-Negativity of up-factor and down-factor in Binomial No-Arbitrage Pricing Model

Consider a stock which is trading at $S_0$ at time $t=0$ and is expected to be trading at price $uS_0$ or $dS_0$ at time t=1 where $u$ and $d$ are up-factor and down-factor. The theory says that to ...
188 views

### Selling an American call option early

I understand it is never optimal to exercise an American call option early. [1] [2] However, here are my two contradictory thoughts about selling an American call option early. Assumptions I can ...
137 views

### Company rank within an industry

I'm looking at the list of companies in the S&P 500 Pure Value Index. For each firm, I want to obtain the dividend yield industry percentile rank and the PEG ratio industry percentile rank. I've ...
519 views

### Arbitrage free implies complete market?

In Tomas Björk's Arbitrage Theory in Continuous Time (or here), $\exists$ this proposition It seems that to show that the model is complete, we must show that the claims are reachable. That is, we ...
166 views

### Prove that the binomial algorithm implies the arbitrage free price at t=0 of a T-claim

In Tomas Bjork's Arbitrage Theory in Continuous Time (or here), $\exists$ these propositions How does the first formula follow from from the algorithm? I get that $\Pi(0;X) = V_0(0)$, but I don't ...
75 views

### How to benchmark bonds?

I am trying to find for each european bond in my database a proper Benchmark to compare them with the Bloomberg benchmarks for bonds. What i have done so far is to extract a list of all government ...
179 views

### Does a delta hedged short option guarantee profit of extrinsic value at expiration?

If a trader shorts an option and dynamically delta hedges to ensure the delta is equal to 0 if that option expires out of the money does the trader profit that options extrinsic value at the time of ...
263 views

### Which is the correct definition of arbitrage?

Spin-off from here. In Tomas Bjork's Arbitrage Theory in Continuous Time (or here), $\exists$ 2 inconsistent definitions of arbitrage, which is correct? The first definition is for the single period ...
2k views

### How can I calculate the strike price or implied volatility from a given delta?

I have calculated the implied volatility for all strikes of a certain product (options on futures) and approximated the ATM volatility. My question is how can I figure out the implied volatility for a ...
189 views

### Counterparty risk tutorials

I want to learn about the latest methods used to measure credit risk, which I believe is same as counterparty risk. Can you please direct me some links for this. I have come across a few of them but ...
97 views

### Joint distribution from expectations

Given two random variables $X$ and $Y$ and let $K$ be a constant value. Assume the expectation $\mathbb{E}[X(Y-K)^{+}]$ is given for all possible values of $K\geq 0$. Is there a way to derive the ...
157 views

### In a Black-Scholes world, why must volatility be strictly increasing in time-to-expiration?

This question is from Rebonato's Volatility and Correlation 2nd Edition. Rebonato states that if $\sigma_T^2T$ is not strictly increasing, it would be simple to set up an arbitrage. Unfortunately ...
160 views

### Arbitrage Strategy Proof in Bjork

In Tomas Bjork's Arbitrage Theory in Continuous Time (or here), $\exists$ this proposition Proposition 2.9 Suppose that a claim X is reachable with replicating portfolio h. Then any price at t=0 of ...
175 views

### Black–Karasinski - Market Price of Risk

In the past I have calibrated simple short rate models to the term structure by using maximum likelihood to get the parameters of the Vasicek/CIR sde, and then use the ZCB formula and the current ...
154 views

### regarding Basel II III model

I may have to get involved in some projects using Basel II, III model for risk modeling, to which I have no background. Are there any good book/tutorials to recommend? What are the underlying ...
191 views

### Market-Maker existence impact to short-term informed directional trading

How existence of market-maker affects short-term directional trading? Normally when playing short-term directional we play against market marker that will cover losses from uninformed traders. But ...
214 views

2k views

### Is there a formula for future value of a growing annuity with yearly payment growth and monthly payments?

My example is saving for college: assume a start of 0 balance deposits of 200 made monthly, every year they increase by (g) 2% to account for salary increases, first deposit made at the end of the ...
216 views

### High correlation will help detect spurious regression over cointegration?

I'm analyzing two financial time series with Johansen method. A high Correlation coefficient using the Pearson method will help me to detect spurious cointegration models to avoid? If this is not ...
44 views

### How to reason about leverage in terms of elasticity

Return of an investment for a given period is by definition: $$r = \frac{P}{W_0} - 1$$ where $P$ is the price of the investment at the end of the period, and $W_0$ is the initial investment. I want ...
649 views

### How can I calculate Value at Risk?

Is it possible calculate Value at Risk on an asset without a time horizon? What kind of variables do you need? Variables that are on the table are value, standard deviation, beta, market return, risk ...
163 views

### Constant term in linear regresion

Can someone give a mathematical proof as to why including a constant in a linear regression equivalent is to running a regression with demeaned data and zero constant? More specifically, consider the ...
186 views

I have some work to do on the drivers of government bond spreads - ie. across terms (not across governments) of the yield curve, say 5yr and 20yr bond spreads from the same government issuer - and am ...
231 views

I'm constructing money-neutral spread by this formula: Spread = log(P1) - log(P2), where P1 and P2 is prices of two instruments But sometimes spread can get into ...
198 views

### Are power contracts traded on any stock market?

Are power contracts traded on any stock markets ? What about OTC markets ? I ask about the derivatives where payoff is some exponential function of difference between strike and spot price.
36 views

### Integration in the context of modelling with the Meixner Process

I failed to evaluate the integral of $\frac{e^{ax}}{x\sinh(bx)}$ with respect to $x$ from negative infinite to positive infinite, What techniques can I use to evaluate the integrals of such kind for ...
610 views

### Price volatility and yield volatility

This question is a bit confused, but please bear with me. Now and then I see people use the terminology "price volatility" and "yield volatility" in connection with bond options. I understand the ...
366 views

### How can I use PCA to determine spread ratios for multiple legs?

I would like to generalize Paul Teetor's A Better Hedge Ratio, which uses prcomp() to determine a ratio between two legs. I am hoping to extend this to multiple legs, but am having trouble finding ...
285 views

### Given future price probability distribution, what is a strategy that maximizes return?

Say I know the price probability distribution, e.g., lognormal(p,s), of a stock X at a future time ...
171 views

### How often do banks update forward points?

My understanding is that forward rates are calculated by comparing interbank interest rates of the 2 currencies for a currency pair, with the points being the difference between spot and the forward ...
1k views

### Baye's rule for conditional expectations (Proof review)

The Baye's rule for conditional expectations states $$E^Q[X|\mathcal{F}]E^P[f|\mathcal{F}]=E^P[Xf|\mathcal{F}]$$ With $f=dQ/dP$ - thus being the Radon-Nikodyn derivative and $X$ being ...
247 views

### List of financial derivatives Ito's Lemma does not apply

According to Ito's Lemma there is no restriction on the continuity of the stochastic process. The restrictions are on the continuity of the pay-off so that second derivatives with respect to ...
135 views

### Discount rate, convertible debt and the effect of time

The way I understand it is that there are three main parameters to a convertible debt investment. An investment amount A discount rate A trigger event Now under most of the examples I have seen, ...
644 views

### Ex-Ante tracking error how to determine the look back period

I am looking to compare the ex-ante predictions against the post values. I am using a look back period of ranges from 1 year to 5 years to construct my covariance matrix that I am using for my ex-ante ...
143 views

### Volatility tools / web sites?

Could someone give recommendations regarding volatility tools / web sites that they find useful? I am looking for information that my brokerage platform does not provide. Specifically, I want to see ...
1k views

### Implied state price density (Question 1 - derivation of the formula)

I came upon the term "implied state price density" in a couple of papers. As far as I understand the concept one basically tries to extract the "pricing density" from the market data. For the sake ...
76 views

### Who is the issuer and the counter part of this instrument?

I have the following SWAP contract : T1UH4 which is a 2-Year Deliverable Interest Rate Swap. Product info : ...
1k views

### Markit PMI vs ISM PMI

What is the difference between the Markit Manufacturing PMI and the ISM Manufacturing PMI? The monthly number differs a lot, my understanding is that they are trying to indicate the same thing.
498 views

### Pre-trade evaluation and risk assessment of option trading strategies (in market practice)

When a trader gets conclusion of the volatility is being underestimated (via volatility cone or some other technology), actually there are multiple ways for his trading. (Let's assume the underlying ...
500 views

### How to hedge a forward contract

I was asked this in an interview and I messed it up lol. This might actually be really basic. Let's say I signed a forward contract to buy NASDAQ at 4000 one year from now. How can I hedge this cash ...
1k views

### Reading XBRL Data from the SEC FTP SITE

After I ftp into the SEC Edgar site (ftp.sec.gov) I am able to pull the appropriate financial statements (i.e., 10-k, 10-q, 8-k, etc.) onto my local computer. However, when I go to open these files, I ...
179 views

### why is the BNS model the way it is

what I am puzzled about is, why dont we instead of having $$dX_t = \sqrt{V_t} dB_t - (\frac{1}{2} V_t^2-r-\lambda\Phi(\rho)) dt - \rho dZ_{\lambda t}\nonumber$$ we just ...
291 views

### Basket Option weight sensitivity calculation

I am looking to find/estimate the "greeks"/option price sensitivities/derivatives for a basket option situation. In specific the change in price of a put option associated with a change in weight of a ...
the expected value of the option given the next period up, down values is: $Pexp = (p Price_{next, up} + (1 - p) Price_{next, down})/R$ where p is defined as \$p = \frac{\exp(-r \times \Delta t) - ...