# All Questions

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### Interpretation of Correlation Matrix

I have past data which is in vector form. The information shows the probabilities of a AAA rated company to migrate to another credit rating. So for example, (x1, x2, x3) has the probabilities of ...
4 views

### Convolution of inverse gaussian and power law distributions

I am trying to understand how the first passage time density of Brownian motion with drift is modified by the presence of waiting times that are distributed as a power law In other words, what is the ...
24 views

### Why do we need $dS_t=r S_tdt+\sigma S_tdW_t^Q$?

Suppose $S_t$ is the stock price and follows the dynamics $$dS_t=\mu S_tdt+\sigma S_tdW_t$$. According to Girsanov, we can apply change of measure and obtain $dS_t=r S_tdt+\sigma S_tdW_t^Q$, this ...
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### Designing a trading system

I've been creating trading system for more than 5 years now,but I always face the same problem trying to link different strategy systems with brokers orders/trades. So, when one of your system gives ...
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### A few basic questions on bonds, yield and derivatives?

I am fairly new to these subjects and direly in need of some basic answers about yields, bonds and derivatives. Please forgive my lack of financial knowledge and poor English. 1- What is the ...
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### pricing exotic options using Monte-Carlo

I am actually trying to solve some exercise problem using Monte-Carlo and C++ for exotic options. Namely, the exotic options are geometric Asian options and discrete barrier option. It is claimed ...
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### European vanilla call/put option, when volatility increases, how will gamma changes?

according to the BS formula, $\gamma = \frac{N'(d_1)}{S_0\sigma\sqrt{T}}$, gamma will decrease when volatility increase. How does it intuitively make sense? rather than from the formula.
19 views

### Straddle neutral strategy

What does it mean to implement a delta-neutral strategy for straddle ? A straddle consists in buying a call and a put simultaneously, at the same date, on same underlying, with same maturity and ...
23 views

### arbitrage opportunity in a two period model

I have a little problem evaluating an european call. I Suppose the following: in $$t=0 : S_0 = 10$$ $$t = 1 : S_1 = \{10,11\}~with ~p=0.5$$ riskless rate : $(1+r)=\beta=1.049$ Now the ...
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### Real time data map about the amount of a currency that are held in the world ?

Where can I see in real time data about the amount of a currency that is held in central banks (and maybe other significant places) ? A map would be great. I would like to know if there is an ...
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### IB API grayed out for paper trading account [on hold]

I played with the IB Trader Workstation API using their demo account, and it went well. Next, I moved to a paper trading account. Now, my program using the API cannot connect to IB. In order to ...
33 views

### Constructing Volatility Smile from American Options

My question is about best practices for reconstructing volatility smiles for a fixed tenor from American option data. For simplicity/liquidity, I am currently considering options on SPY. I am ...
18 views

### Cheapness indicator for Convertibles Bonds

What indicator (or combination of those) could be used to roughly estimate the cheapness of a convertible bonds ? Like the price/earning ratio for equities. Thanks, Max.
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### SEC 13F Security List has incorrect CUSIP numbers?

I'm building database of 13F sec.gov forms with 13F security lists (http://www.sec.gov/divisions/investment/13flists.htm). Along with integrity checks. I implemented CUSIP digit check algorithm to ...
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### Where to obtain Eurex level 2 historical order book data from?

What are some possible sources to obtain Eurex level 2 historical order book data from? Unfortunately I have only been able to find 1 source - namely Eurex itself, which charges 2000 Euro/month for ...
9 views

### Dealing with missing values in credit scoring

I am making a credit scorecard model based on financial ratios. Several of my variables (i.e. financial ratios) have missing values. What should I do about these? Elaboration: 1 After regressing, I ...
38 views

### Bloomberg equity option volatility data

Using the Bloomberg open API, I am trying to program a C++ script that is able to download option volatility data from Bloomberg. I currently do not have access to Bloomberg, but in the coming week I ...
20 views

### Which are the most utilized programming languages in finance? [duplicate]

I would like to improve my knowledge of programming languages, in order to have a possible advantage in the future when applying for my first job. Since Finance interests me a lot, I would like to ...
92 views

### Which sports are generally the best for trading on betting exchanges for a profit?

I am looking at trading bets on tennis, football and horse racing in particular as these appear to have the most liquidity. How much background research and how much trial and error is generally ...
56 views

### Black-Scholes: If exercise probability is 0.5, should $D_2$=0?

Let's say we have option strike price equal to current stock price. And we have zero risk-free rate. In this case I assume that probability of exercise is 0.5 because chances that price will go up or ...
6 views

### calculating share price from dividend discount model

I am trying to calculate dividend as per dividend discount model for titan company limited (india). Calculations: Cost of Equity: Now, As I have done calculation as shown above (formula on top ...
25 views

### Stock prices and probability

Lets say that the current price of a security is £245 , $\mu =5%$ and $\sigma=32%$ Assume that the natural logarithm of $\frac{S_{t +\delta t}}{S_t}$ is approximately normally distributed with mean ...
8 views

### VIX For Convertible Bonds

Is there something similar to the VIX but related to the convertibles bonds market in the U.S. ? Thanks, Max.
24 views

### Why random walk Metropolis Hasting algorithm works bad on GARCH(1,1) parameters estimation

I am trying to estimate the parameters of the GARCH(1,1) model with MCMC method, firstly, I read the paper: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12985/1/MPRA_paper_12985.pdf Metropolis Hasting method is ...
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### Dixit & Pindyck (1993) Chapter 4, equation 13

Starting with the Bellman equation for the optimal stopping problem: $$F(x,t)=max\{\Omega(x,t), \pi(x,t)+(1+\rho dt)^{-1} E[F(x+dx, t+dt)|x]\}$$ In the continuation region where the second term is the ...
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### Volatility Surface Constituents, do's and dont's

Recently I have been working a lot with implied volatility and volatility surfaces. The basic idea is easy to follow: 1) Gather market prices of options at different (Strike,Expiry) 2) Calculate ...
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### Why is the vega of an at the money option so insensitive to movements in volatility? I.e, why do ATM options have such little Vomma?

I've been trying to understand why at the money options have very little vomma. I was reading and came across a graph that showed vega as volatility changes and I couldn't grasp how the relationships ...
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### European vs American forex options availability [on hold]

I am interested in buying some puts on a forex major cross. I see that most of the brokers offer just American options... am I wrong? My question is: is it possible to "simulate" the behaviour of an ...
63 views

### Which volatility to use to price options on futures contract?

I have some questions regarding pricing futures options and I just want to be sure that my thoughts are correct. I am trying to price options on futures for american & european style. In the ...
19 views

### ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION PROXY [on hold]

Good day I'm looking for an asymmetric information proxy: my criteria are: -Strong enough -doesn't rely on intraday data -can be computed on a weekly or monthly basis thanks !!
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### Effective & Maturity Date Modified Following

I am constructing discount curve for tenor 1 month. First Instrument - PLN_1M_WIBOR has Effective Date on 2015-01-29 (spot). I was wondering what Maturity Date should be? 2015-02-27 or 2015-03-02? I ...
40 views

### On learning the bayesian approach to portfolio optimization

I am required by my course to write a small paper on the Bayesian approach to portfolio optimization, I am following Applied statistical decision theory [by] Raiffa, Howard. Which can be consulted ...
36 views

### Black-Litterman: Why should the views be independent of each other?

This question relates to this question. In the Black-Litterman framework views of inverstors on the market are modelled. These views have a covariance-matrix $\Omega$. I always found it quite ...
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### What constitutes an “odd lot” in corporate bonds trades?

This is important in price discovery and pricing of bonds based on trades. "Odd" lots are traded at lower prices than "round" lots. However I wasn't able to find a definition of "odd" lot anywhere. ...
33 views

### Is the CAPM beta equivalent to the coefficient estimate of an OLS regression?

The $\beta_i$ of an asset or portfolio is defined as its covariance with the market (which itself therefore has a beta of $\beta_m = 1$). The CAPM looks a lot like a simple linear regression model. Is ...
22 views

### Convertible bonds market data

My question is twofold. First, what are the key informations used to describe a convertible bond market ? I'm thinking about market size, conversion rate, appropriate index, ... Second, where to ...
31 views

### Magrabe Exchange Option: not equal drifts

I need to calculate the price of exchange option between 2 assets $S_1$ and $S_2$ The formula is given here Wiki: Magrabe formula or here Quant Stack Exchange. In the derivation of the formula it is ...
43 views

### Understanding how to calculate position profits and trading profits

I am analysing a data set of trader transactions and would like to implement the methodology found in the paper by Fishe and Smith 2012. The main problem I am having is understanding the difference ...
50 views

### When are implied and real world parameters the same?

Suppose $T$ the maturity of a risky bond which defaults with probability $p$ over its lifetime. If it defaults it pays zero. Thus to price this bond in risk neutral terms would give ...
50 views

### Why does expected price of OTM option not equal to BS price?

If I assume that stock returns follow normal distribution with drift = 0% and S.D. = 10%. In the long, if I keep investing in this stock for a year with the same capital every year for a consecutive ...
27 views

### Local Vol Model (K, T) to (St, t)

I'm new to local volatility model. From Dupire's paper and most of the textbooks, they derived the local vol $\sigma(K, T)$ in the $(K, T)$ (i.e., strike and maturity) space, from call price or ...
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### generalized black scholes

I understand how to derive the black scholes solution if $dS_t$ = $\mu S_tdt$ + $\sigma S_tdW_t$ and r is constant. The solution is c(t, x) = $xN(d_{+}(T - t), x))$ - K$e^{-r(T - t)}N(d\_(T - t), x))$ ...
16 views

### Setting a minimum yearly return constraint

I've been given a task for optimizing a portfolio of several etfs. I've found the code from the following script that I think does something really similar to what I need to do: ...
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### Topic for Small Investment Risk project [closed]

I am doing an MSc and was wondering what a good topic would be for one my modules which has to be based on Investment Risk management? Thanks.
21 views

### How to get Multivariate Betas from an Estimated EWMA co variance Matrix?

I have a portfolio of 4 assets. I also have returns for 3 indices. I want to get the multivariate betas for these 4 assets-based on these assets. I only have the 7 x 7 covariance matrix estimated by a ...
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### Opinion wanted: What to include in a 5-8 Minuttes CAPM Oral Exam Presentation [closed]

this question is pretty straight forward. I am currently preparing for an oral exam. One of the topics is CAPM, I don't have any difficulty with the topic. BUT I am having trouble condensing it into a ...
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### Multi-objective optimization: Where to find qualified examples for portfolio management?

I am looking for qualified examples of multi-objective optimization applied to a portfolio management situation in non-normal markets. Where can I find one or more examples of such a multi-objective ...
37 views

### Is it possible that some types of financial systems can resonate?

Financial systems can certainly be modeled using the same tools physicists use to model dynamic physical systems. The validity of such is evidenced by models such as that developed by Black and ...