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Well this is not my area of expertise but I have come across this sort of work before in Time Series Analysis/ Financial Econometrics. I don't know how much detail you want but from my understanding the author has written the two equation in State Space Form. I believe it is fairly common to write ARCH and GARCH models in this fashion. There are a lot of ...

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The R code is correct. You could also use the I() operator. You can look here on page 53. The code then would be lm(stock~market+I(market^2)+I(market^3), data=example) EDIT: going more into detail: Doing the above you define regressors $market^2$ and $market^3$. The coefficients will be calculated the usual way (covariance of response with the regressors ...

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To many statistical questions you can get frequentist and Bayesian answers which actually coincide. Such a subject is covariance matrix shrinkage and Bayesian regression. Have a look at the article "Honey, I Shrunk the Sample Covariance Matrix" from Lediot and Wolf. They introduce a transformation of the covariance matrix, so that the diagonals become more ...

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I would recommend "Active Portfolio Management" from Richard Grinold and Ronald Kahn. The book builds up most theories used in portfolio composition with much detail.

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Yes. If on the y axis you have excess returns, then the intercept of the line is zero. This are the implications of the CAPM model. E.g. for the SML: $E[R_i,t^e]=\beta \lambda_t$, where $R_i,t^e$ is the excess return on stock $i$ at time $t$ and $\lambda$ is the market price of risk.

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As a simple example: if stock A went up a lot in 2014 and also went up a lot in 2015 it could be: (a) that Stock A is a high Beta stock and the market was up in both years. This is the cross sectional property of expected returns. Some stocks, in this case high beta stocks go up more than others when the market goes up. (b) Somehow the fact that Stock A went ...

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