Hot answers tagged equities
12
Let's assume there is no adjustment and that a stock's price is the same after a dividend payment as before. Then I could get free money simply by buying a stock the day before the ex-date and then selling the stock right after the dividend distribution. Clearly no such arbitrage opportunity exists. Therefore, the price of the stock after the dividend ...
7
The way you do it in the first place is a discretization of the Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) process. This method is most useful when you want to compute the path between $S_0$ and $S_t$, i.e. you want to know all the intermediary points $S_i$ for $0 \leq i \leq t$.
The second equation is a closed form solution for the GBM given $S_0$. A simple ...
6
There are several. This list is from Giyenko et al (2008)---in their work they compare all these different measures--- and includes spread proxies and price impact proxies. As for spread proxies:
"Effective Tick" (Holden 2007, Giyenko et al 2008)
"Holden measure" (Holden 2007)
"LOT Y-split" (Giyenko et al 2008)
"Roll measure" (Roll 1984)
"Gibbs measure" ...
5
You can pull a list of all stocks easily. See this question. You can get nasdaqlisted.txt and otherlisted.txt from here. nasdaqlisted.txt is clearly Tape C. otherlisted.txt contains an Exchange column which can be used to determine Tape A or B. If it is N it's listed at NYSE and therefore Tape A, otherwise it's Tape B.
Also, NYSE publishes a symbol list ...
5
Few points from my experience:
1 Another filters that you that you should consider is for price = 999 or 999.99 that appears in some data providers.
2 Another set of checks is to look at cross-section of e.g. range = (high-low)/close over all names. Check for the smallest range and largest range to see if the values make sense. You can also check daily % ...
4
S&P finally did respond to our query with a 100 page document. The part relevant to this question follow:
Select Sector Index Calculations
With the exception of the weighting constraints described above, each
Select Sector Index is calculated using the same methodology utilized
by S&P in calculating the S&P 500. In particular:
...
4
Options on almost all Korean equities today present flat implied volatility, as well as options on some Japanese equities, especially in 60-90 days maturity.
Here how the smile looks for T&D Holdings (ISIN:JP3539220008):
4
Correct. All outstanding issues are held. Money only flows into an asset class via the primary market (such as an IPO, secondary offering, etc.) not on the secondary markets which are publicly traded. What is actually changing is people's willingness to buy and sell securities at various prices. When market commentators talk about money flowing into or out ...
4
LMAX Exchange has a nicely written .NET API which is free and can be used to in demo environment. However, note that LMAX is mostly a FX platform with few CFDs on equities and commodities.
4
The common practices are:
if you trade less than 8% of the Average Daily Volume, you can use a VWAP or Implementation Shortfall algo.
you need to "add" a slippage of 1/3 of the bid ask spread of the stock.
Your only issue is that you want to use the close price instead of the VWAP one. Best option is to use the daily VWAP as a proxy. Otherwise measure ...
3
I think this paper (which I skimmed once a long time ago and no longer have access to) may provide some insight:
Cohen, Lauren, Karl B. Diether, and Christopher J. Malloy. "Shorting Demand and Predictability of Returns." Journal of Investment Management 7, no. 1 (2009): 36-52.
It seems to consider stock loan fees which may be a proxy for "hard to borrow".
3
You discuss the behavior of stock prices after an earnings announcement. There is a significant amount of academic research on this topic (called post-earnings-announcement drift). It basically finds that stock prices tend to move sharply initially, but continue to gradually follow in the same direction as the initial move for several weeks thereafter. I'm ...
3
Even if some buy side funds are not allowed to short sell it does not mean they must buy. They could long sell, they can do nothing and stand on the sidelines and they can hedge, selling index futures or buy put protection on broad indexes or on the underlying of core holdings. Why this is an important point becomes apparent when you start to think about ...
3
This is the equity premium puzzle. (See that article for references.)
My thoughts are that individual investors are rational to be risk-averse and demand a premium for bearing a type of market risk that cannot be diversified away. This risk is actually worse and more insidious than it appears, because "personal" circumstances tend to correlate in ...
3
Do his first step first; integrate both sides:
$$\displaystyle \ \ \int_0^T \frac{dS(t)}{S(t)} = \mu T - 0 \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,(1)$$
With zero diffusion, we know that $\langle S_.\rangle_t = 0$. Therefore, by applying Ito's lemma (or actually normal calculus):
$$d\ln{S(t)} = \frac{1}{S(t)}dS(t)\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,(2)$$
Sub this into $(1)$:
...
3
There is no reason that two different exchanges would be prevented from using the same code, although they usually have different conventions. So if you're writing code or spreadsheets that depend on a unique stock code, consider creating a unique code that combines the exchange identifier with the stock code. If this is in a database, use multiple keys in ...
3
Tape A is NYSE-listed stocks. Tape C is NASDAQ-listed stocks. Tape B is the regionals, ie. everything else. Most of Tape B is on ARCA now days, though some of it is still on the NYSE MKT, formerly known as AMEX.
If you want to use Google Finance, just note that they prepend every symbol with the exchange its on. For example, if I search for "AAPL", Google ...
3
I can only repeat myself because your mentioned previously asked question is essentially identical:
=> I would say do not include non-trading days, do not include days with zero position, do not include days where the asset did not trade for whatever other reason.
Here some reasons and pointers:
Sharpe measures excess returns scaled by volatility. The ...
3
Your first definition is wrong; I'm not sure where you got that from. Your second definition is correct: the ISO alerts the exchange that the submitting party has taken responsibility for RegNMS and requests a fill at only that venue's price; there is no routing away. Obviously, there is a huge red-tape burden to get permission to do this.
2
You could try net positions: where you continuously buy and sell depending on the signals generated. Net positions may lead to unnecessary commissions/spread nickel-and-diming your profits away. Once you have picked a direction and already have trade entry, your system should instead continue looking for new signals in the BACKGROUND. New signals while in ...
2
The answer depends on the reasoning behind your forecast. Is this a mean-reversion signal? If so, perhaps the presence of a short signal shortly after a long signal indicates that the long signal was very profitable, and you should take profits immediately. Is it a momentum signal? If so, then perhaps the momentum of this stock is very choppy at the ...
2
If you designed the model to predict direction only, I would just use the current signal. You could test whether this is correct by calculating the signals and their 5-second lags, then regress 1-minute forward returns (or 55-second fwd returns) on them both, and see if the coeff on the 5-second lagged signal is significant. If it's not significant, just ...
2
Adding onto Quant Guy, money can technically flow in and out with dividends and secondary issues. In the case of a cash dividend, money flows out without any shares trading(depending on outstanding shares obviously). While secondary issues can basically be thought of as a followup IPO if you will.
2
Martingale and Markov process are both stochastic processes where the sequences of random variables are not entirely independent, and their differences are:
In martingale, the expectation of the next value IS the present value, so this property is sometimes called 'fair game'.
In Markov process, the expectation of the next value only DEPENDS ON the present ...
2
a) you can run a Monte Carlo simulation in which you model stock price movements and then you can look at the future pay off as a function of path dependency into which you incorporate your stop losses and take profits. Done this over many iterations you will be able to derive your probabilities. Caveat here is your result will be strongly dependent on your ...
2
In my mind you are simply right: you arrive at
$$
f(t,S) = S(t) - K e^{-r(T-t)}.
$$
Assume that $t=0$, so we are at the inception of the contract, then
$$
f(0,S) = S(0) - Ke^{-r T}.
$$
If you choose $K = S(0) e^{r T}$ then the contract value at inception is zero. This simply means that the fair price for the forward is given by $K= S(0) e^{r T}$ which is ...
2
Margin is determined by those who are in the business of settling options contracts. In the OTC that would be those who make markets in OTC options. (Subject to regulatory requirements if imposed)
IV is determined by market forces, supply and demand. The same applies to options written on bananas and chimps.
liquidity depends again on supply and demand of ...
2
The basic CAPM - which is what your regression estimates - says
$$
R_S = R_f + \beta_S (R_{Market}-R_f)
$$
where
$$
\beta_S = \frac{Cov(R_M,R_S)}{Var(R_M)}
$$
i.e. the return of a certain stock depends only on the correlation with the market portfolio.
For your pricing equation to work, you will need to have an idea about the expected market (excess) ...
2
The adjusted close will change after dividends and stock splits. So the old data will have to be replaced by the new. So it is usually a good idea to check for adj close of the downloaded values against current values.
I also like to check for downloaded data against some other source (like Google). I do this by writing a unit test that will randomly pick a ...
1
What could be interesting would be to try and categorize what type of stocks react most to your indicators (small/large cap, country-specific).
You can also see across asset classes what the reaction was. How did equities do compared to commodities or bonds or hedge funds (who are supposed to benefit from falling markets).
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