# Tag Info

7

The key to this is to think about the enterprise value of a business separately from how it is financed. For simplicity sake, consider a business that comprises a sole gold bar (no workers, no extraction costs, etc). The value of the business is clearly just the value of the gold bar. If it were a listed company, with no debt, then the equity ...

3

To answer your questions: 1) Yes, the above table is correct 2) Your results are correct except..... 1X loss = 9.6%. When you combine both positive and negative changes, it is the MEDIAN value that is of interest. Here are some links: http://www.futuresmag.com/Issues/2010/March-2010/Pages/Trading-with-leveraged-and-iinverse-ETFs.aspx ...

3

It depends obviously on which specific leverage you attempt to measure but you can certainly build some sort of index from, for example, the below: Aggregate smoothed equity P/E ratio divergence from long term mean (in a sense it reflects how money is levered to buy stocks at multiples of their long term P/E mean). Broad money in circulation -> Money ...

2

First of all you need a model to generate future returns, I assume you already have this. Since its just a model, there will be an unexplained component in the predictions made for every period $t$ and for every asset $i$. Let $\varepsilon_{t, i}$ denote this random innovation and $\mathrm{E}[r_{t, i}] = f(\varepsilon_{t, i})$ the expected asset return as ...

2

cost of leverage for equity only long/short investing is a function of the margin deal you can negotiate with your broker, if you have a large amount of capital. If you don't have significant capital to start with, then it's likely you'll only be able to get 2x leverage with a loan rate between 4% and 10% (retail reg-t margin rates at most brokers) This ...

1

The key reason why you observe divergent performance patterns is related mostly to the following: The biggest reason is the different cost to hedge those products. The costs to implement and especially maintain the hedge on the long vs short side can be very different. Either the hedge is implemented through an index replication in which case the manager ...

1

There are three prices to consider when discussing an ETF: the ideal price as represented by the index, the NAV of the fund based on that day's holdings, and the market value traded on a stock exchange. This third price is what you see. In your example, Russell has calculated a cap-weighted value based on the annual membership. Direxion then determines ...

1

Even in a perfect world, a 3X leveraged ETF cannot achieve a compound return three times that of the underlying. In the case of periodic discrete rebalancing, we call this effect the "arithmetic of loss and recovery," but even in the limit of continuous rebalancing, this effect does not disappear. Ito's formula tells us that \mathrm d ...

1

Your example could be correct but you're on the wrong track. Leveraged ETFs are designed for day trading, it isn't a leveraged 3x position that will return 3x the long term average of the name. The leverage is reweighted each day which will affect your performance. Eg if the market goes 100->99->100 the market is unchanged over 2 days. But a 3x ETF will go ...

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