# Tag Info

4

Arithmetic returns allow for easier cross-sectional aggregation and log returns allow for easier time-aggregation. The reason people use log returns (for equities) is that they are approximately invariant and hence easier to work with in estimating distributions. Meucci does better justice in describing invariance here. The basic idea (again, for equities) ...

1

It depends on your investment strategy. The most common approach is to use the close price of $p_t$ and $p_{t+1}$. The volatility you measure using this method implies the "assumption" that your are able to trade at close every day. If you choose to compute the daily returns from open to close, then you assume that you are selling your position every night ...

1

It looks like 1 and 2 are different portfolios of companies. 1 is a portfolio of dual-listed companies, and 2 is a portfolio of everything in the "market". Once you have constructed these these portfolios, let's say you put the returns for every time step into a vector, call it r, then the average return would be mean(r). You need some clarification as ...

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