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2

The first the solution to: $$dS_t = S_t\left[\mu dt +\sigma dW_t\right]$$ The second is the solution to: $$dS_t = S_t\left[\left(\mu -\frac{\sigma^2}{2}\right)dt + \sigma dW_t\right]$$ The difference is that the first one is a martingale when $\mu$ is equal to zero while the second one is not:  \mathbb{E}[S_0 exp(\sigma W_t)]= ...

2

In the Ljung-Box test, the null hypothesis is: $H_0$: The data are independently distributed So, your p-values of 0 indeed indicate that you should reject the null hypothesis, but it means that your data is not independently distributed, and in particular that there is some significant autocorrelation in the process. This is obviously the case, because ...

1

I would confirm it. For time series forecasting, one can use 3 versions of random walk: RW model 1 (basic geometric random walk): stock returns in different periods are statistically independent (uncorrelated) and identically distributed (constant volatility) RW model 2: stock returns in different periods are statistically independent bot not identically ...

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