# Pricing function $P(S,t)$ is convex in $S$ for all $t$

I am now reading Alternative Characterization of American Put Options by Carr et all (available at http://www.math.nyu.edu/research/carrp/papers/pdf/amerput7.pdf). There is a theorem called 'Main Decomposition of the American Put'.

Theorem 1 (Main Decomposition of the American Put) On the continuation region $\mathcal{C}$, the American put value, $P_0$, can be decomposed into the corresponding European put price, $p_0$, and the early exercise premium, $e_0$: $$P_0=p_0+e_0$$ where $$e_0=rK \int_{0}^{T} \exp{(-rt)} N\bigg( \frac{\ln{(B_t / S_0)}-e_2 t}{\sigma \sqrt{t}} \bigg)dt,$$ $$e_2=r-\frac{\sigma^2}{2}, \,$$ and $$N(x)=\int_{0}^{x} \frac{\exp{(-z^2/2)}}{\sqrt{2\pi}}dz$$ is the standard normal distribution function.

The proof in the appendix starts with: We wish to prove that: $$P_0=p_0+rK \int_{0}^{T} \exp{(-rt)} N\bigg( \frac{\ln{(B_t / S_0)}-e_2 t}{\sigma \sqrt{t}} \bigg)dt.$$ Let $Z_t \equiv \exp{(−rt)}P_t$ be the discounted put price, defined in the region $D \equiv \{(S, t) : S ∈ [0, \infty), t ∈ [0, T]\}$. In this region, the pricing function $P(S, t)$ is convex in $S$ for all $t$, continuously differentiable in $t$ for all $S$, and a.e. twice continuously differentiable in $S$ for all $t$.

My question is regarding the statement: "the pricing function $P(S, t)$ is convex in $S$ for all $t$". Is it assumed or can we prove it?

I read the definition of convex function from http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ConvexFunction.html:

A convex function is a continuous function whose value at the midpoint of every interval in its domain does not exceed the arithmetic mean of its values at the ends of the interval. More generally, a function $f(x)$ is convex on an interval $[a,b]$ if for any two points $x_1$ and $x_2$ in $[a,b]$ and any $\lambda$ where $0< \lambda <1$, $$f[\lambda x_1 + (1- \lambda x_2)] \leq \lambda f(x_1)+ (1- \lambda) f(x_2)$$

I also have read a question in https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/112063/price-of-a-european-call-option-is-a-convex-function-of-strike-price-k but I am not sure if it can be applied to my question because

(1). I assume the $P(S,t)$ in my question to be the American put value instead of European one,

(2). the question in the link is about convex function of strike price while my question is about convex function in $S$ in all $t$ (or are they the same?), and

(3). the convex function definition I got seems different.

Can anyone help me to explain why $P(S, t)$ is convex in $S$ for all $t$? Thank you.

• Since P is continuous, perhaps it suffices to show that the second derivative of P(S,t) with respect to S is positive. – Alex C Mar 15 '16 at 23:32
• @AlexC, Thank you for the suggestion, but I don't think the explicit form of $P(S,t)$ is known yet. – Monica Sendi Afa Mar 16 '16 at 2:13