# Vasicek model calibration

I am trying to calibrate Vasicek model, i.e. to determine the parameters $\kappa, \mu, \bar{\mu}$ and $\sigma$ where the process dynamics are given through $$dr_t=\kappa\left( \mu - r_t\right) dt+\sigma d W^{\mathbb{P}}(t),$$ $$dr_t=\kappa\left( \bar{\mu}- r_t\right) dt+\sigma d W^{\mathbb{Q}}(t),$$

where $W^{\mathbb{P}}$ is a Wiener process under the objective, real-world probability measure $\mathbb{P}$, and $W^{\mathbb{Q}}$ is a Wiener process under the risk-neutral measure $\mathbb{Q}$ (measure equivalent to $\mathbb{P}$).

Using historic proxies for short rates (daily rates starting from 01/01/2012), I first tried to work out the real-world calibration, i.e. to determine parameters $\kappa, \mu$ and $\sigma$, for which I used a pretty straight forward ordinary simple regression approach and I ended up with the following values: $$\kappa = 3.1527, \\ \mu= 0.003, \\ \sigma= 0.0034.$$

The image shows actual historic data vs. two simulations of my calibrated Vasicek model.

My question is: do these parameters seem reasonable? I'm mostly concerned with how large $\kappa$ is relative to other parameters. Intuitively, it makes me think that it makes my short rate process more volatile and not in a stochastic way, but the deterministic drift is so large compared to the process mean, that it makes it jump a lot (sorry for my obviously very noob language here). And then, looking at it analytically - volatility of a Vasicek process is known and it is equal to $\text{Std}\left( r_t \right)=\sqrt{\frac{\sigma^2}{2 \kappa} \left[1-e^{-2 \kappa t} \right]}$, and so since my $\kappa$ is so large, my (stochastic) volatility is not that big so it is the huge deterministic drift that's making my process so crazy (or am I completely missing the point here?). Also, if what I am saying is right - how come that then our two simulations in many cases display the situation when $r(t)$ is for example larger than $\mu$ but in the next step it is not pushed down towards $\mu$ with 'big' deterministic drift?

All in all, I would really appreciate any insights on this - are these parameters just too crazy and should be discarded. If yes - which other calibration method would you suggest.

Also, once I get pass the real-world calibration - what approaches to the risk-neutral one would you suggest as well. I was thinking to simply find $\bar{\mu}$ as $$\text{argmin}\sum_{T \in \{3,5,7,10,15\}} \left| P(T)-\bar{P}(T) \right|^2,$$ where $P(T)$ is today's observed market price of a $T$-maturity zero coupon bond, and $\bar{P}(T)$ is the model's implied today's price of a $T$-maturity zero (function of $\bar{\mu}$) coupon bond. Do you maybe think I should include more dates and not just today?

Anyways, apologies for my all over the place question. I am just puzzled with so many question about this thing, and will really appreciate any help, insight, point of view, suggestions on this. Thanks in advance.