# Sample from aggregate portfolio distribution versus individual asset distributions

Suppose I have three assets $$x_1,x_2,x_3$$ in a portfolio with weights $$W=\begin{bmatrix} w_1 \\ w_2 \\ w_3 \end{bmatrix}$$, expected returns $$R=\begin{bmatrix} \mu_1 \\ \mu_2 \\ \mu_3 \end{bmatrix}$$, and a covariance matrix $$V$$.

The expected return of my portfolio is $$\mu_p=W^TR$$ and the variance of my portfolio is $$\sigma^2_p=W^TVW$$.

I would like to run Monte Carlo simulations on my portfolio using a normal distribution.

I can do this either by:

1. Sampling from the distribution of portfolio returns $$N(\mu_p,\sigma^2_p)$$.
2. Sample from the three individual asset returns and use those three returns to compute my overall portfolio return.

First, how would I accomplish the second approach (would I be sampling from a multivariate normal distribution)?

Second, are these two approaches equivalent as long as I assume that the weights $$W$$ of my portfolio remain the same?

For the first case, you would directly sample $$n$$ random normals $$x$$ and compute: $$R^p_i = \mu_p + \sigma_p x_i, i \in [1,n]$$

For the second case, you can sample $$n$$ x $$3$$ independent normals, compute the Cholesky decomposition matrix $$C$$ of $$V$$, which is the matrix $$C$$ such that $$V=C^t C$$, and get $$n$$ samples of vectors $$X$$ of size 3.

The return $$R_i$$ for random draw $$i$$ is given by: $$R_i = \mu_p + C . X_i, i \in [1,n]$$ You can check for high values of $$n$$ the convergence towards the limit values: $$E(R_i) = R$$ $$Cov(R_i) = V$$ The portfolio return is then computed as: $$R^p_i = W.T R_i$$ and you can check it converges towards the same mean and variance $$\mu_p$$, $$\sigma_p^2$$ for a large enough $$n$$.

The two approaches are mathematically equivalent as a linear combination of independent normals is normally distributed. This works so long as the random normal variables generated are iid gaussian normals.

With numpy, iid normals can be generated with np.random.normal. As pointed out below, np.random.multivariate_normal can be used to generate the multivariate gaussian vector.

• How does this compare to using docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.15.1/reference/generated/…? – cpage Nov 23 '18 at 16:16
• good question from @cpage on a 5x5 historical covariance matrix, I get 0.27s for 1e6 samples from np.random.multivariate_normal and 5.3s using np.random.normal with a loop in python. The samples have similar statistics but different values. – Sebapi Nov 24 '18 at 9:52

Basically what @sebapi said. "The two approaches are equivalent so long as the random normal variables generated are iid gaussian normals."

Q: How does this compare to using docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.15.1/reference/generated/…?

A: You might use scipy.stats.multivariate_normal (rv = multivariate_normal(mean=None, cov=1, allow_singular=False))