# Heston Model python MC simulation

I have this exercise. $$\\\\$$ Look for realistic values ​​of the parameters and calculate the price of a European Call with maturity $$T = 0.5$$ and $$S_0 = 1$$ for the strike values $$​​K = 0.5,0.6, ......, 1.5$$. Display the volatility smile.

I poste my code in python, but I don't understand why the volatility smiley is not displayed.

import numpy as np
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from py_vollib_vectorized import vectorized_implied_volatility as implied_vol

# Parameters
# simulation dependent
S0 = 1           # asset price
T = 0.5              # time in years
r = 0.00003            # risk-free rate
N = 125             # number of time steps in simulation
M = 10000         # number of simulations

# Heston dependent parameters
kappa = 1.1              # rate of mean reversion of variance under risk-neutral dynamics
theta = 0.02        # long-term mean of variance under risk-neutral dynamics
v0 = 0.025          # initial variance under risk-neutral dynamics
rho = -0.7              # correlation between returns and variances under risk-neutral dynamics
sigma = 0.1          # volatility of volatility

def heston_model_sim(S0, v0, rho, kappa, theta, sigma,T, N, M):
"""
Inputs:
- S0, v0: initial parameters for asset and variance
- rho   : correlation between asset returns and variance
- kappa : rate of mean reversion in variance process
- theta : long-term mean of variance process
- sigma : vol of vol / volatility of variance process
- T     : time of simulation
- N     : number of time steps
- M     : number of scenarios / simulations

Outputs:
- asset prices over time (numpy array)
- variance over time (numpy array)
"""
# initialise other parameters
dt = T/N
mu = np.array([0,0])
cov = np.array([[1,rho],
[rho,1]])

# arrays for storing prices and variances
S = np.full(shape=(N+1,M), fill_value=S0)
v = np.full(shape=(N+1,M), fill_value=v0)

# sampling correlated brownian motions under risk-neutral measure
Z = np.random.multivariate_normal(mu, cov, (N,M))

for i in range(1,N+1):
S[i] = S[i-1] * np.exp( (r - 0.5*v[i-1])*dt + np.sqrt(v[i-1] * dt) * Z[i-1,:,0] )
v[i] = np.maximum(v[i-1] + kappa*(theta-v[i-1])*dt + sigma*np.sqrt(v[i-1]*dt)*Z[i-1,:,1],0)

return S, v

rho_p = 0.98
rho_n = -0.98

S_p,v_p = heston_model_sim(S0, v0, rho_p, kappa, theta, sigma,T, N, M)
S_n,v_n = heston_model_sim(S0, v0, rho_n, kappa, theta, sigma,T, N, M)

fig, (ax1, ax2)  = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12,5))
time = np.linspace(0,T,N+1)
ax1.plot(time,S_p)
ax1.set_title('Heston Model Asset Prices')
ax1.set_xlabel('Time')
ax1.set_ylabel('Asset Prices')

ax2.plot(time,v_p)
ax2.set_title('Volatility Monte Carlo Simulation')
ax2.set_xlabel('Time')
ax2.set_ylabel('Variance')

plt.show()
# simulate gbm process at time T
gbm = S0*np.exp( (r - theta**2/2)*T + np.sqrt(theta)*np.sqrt(T)*np.random.normal(0,1,M) )

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

ax = sns.kdeplot(S_p[-1], label=r"$$\rho= 0.98$$", ax=ax)
ax = sns.kdeplot(S_n[-1], label=r"$$\rho= -0.98$$", ax=ax)
ax = sns.kdeplot(gbm, label="GBM", ax=ax)

plt.title(r'Asset Price Density under Heston Model')
plt.xlim([0.5, 1.5])
plt.xlabel('$$S_T$$')
plt.ylabel('Density')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

rho = -0.7
S,v = heston_model_sim(S0, v0, rho, kappa, theta, sigma,T, N, M)

# Set strikes and complete MC option price for different strikes
K = np.arange(0.5,1.5)

calls = np.array([np.exp(-r*T)*np.mean(np.maximum(S-k,0)) for k in K])

call_ivs = implied_vol(calls, S0, K, T, r, flag='c', q=0, return_as='numpy', on_error='ignore')

plt.plot(K, call_ivs, label=r'Call')

plt.ylabel('Implied Volatility')
plt.xlabel('Strike')

plt.title('Implied Volatility Smile from Heston Model')
plt.legend()
plt.show()


Thanks for the support.

### Spotted issues:

• The main issue: You define S0 = 1 which in Python is of type Int. Your stock price trajectories are built upon S0 and thus S will be of type Int as-well (more specifically, Int32). This implies that any decimals in your estimates will be truncated. To fix this simply define S0 = 1.0, which is now of type float.

• Minor issue: When defining your set of strikes $$K$$ you need to define the step-size (automatically set to 1) in the numpy arange function, K = np.arange(0.1,1.6,0.1). This will give you the specified set of strikes.

• While testing the code, I have spotted that implied_vol function might run into some optimization issues, that generates a weird smile. I got a decent smile (shown below) after a couple of re-runs of the function.

There might be some other small issues, but fixing the above problems gives me a working solution.

### Verification:

I took the liberty of fixing the above issues and ran the code. However, I used the original Heston parameters which are found in the Youtube Tutorial that you clearly followed to produce the simulations, density and smile. This results in the following graphs:

And the following smile:

I will leave interpretation of the graphs up to you. I hope this helps.

### Appendix: Python Code

# Parameters
# simulation dependent
S0 = 1.0          # asset price
T = 0.5              # time in years
r = 0.00003            # risk-free rate
#r=0.02
N = 252             # number of time steps in simulation
M = 10000         # number of simulations

# Heston dependent parameters
#kappa = 1.1              # rate of mean reversion of variance under risk-neutral dynamics
#theta = 0.02        # long-term mean of variance under risk-neutral dynamics
#v0 = 0.025          # initial variance under risk-neutral dynamics
#rho = -0.7              # correlation between returns and variances under risk-neutral dynamics
#sigma = 0.1          # volatility of volatility

kappa = 3
theta = 0.20**2
v0=0.25**2
#rho = 0.7
sigma = 0.6

def heston_model_sim(S0, v0, rho, kappa, theta, sigma,T, N, M):
"""
Inputs:
- S0, v0: initial parameters for asset and variance
- rho   : correlation between asset returns and variance
- kappa : rate of mean reversion in variance process
- theta : long-term mean of variance process
- sigma : vol of vol / volatility of variance process
- T     : time of simulation
- N     : number of time steps
- M     : number of scenarios / simulations

Outputs:
- asset prices over time (numpy array)
- variance over time (numpy array)
"""
# initialise other parameters
dt = T/N
mu = np.array([0,0])
cov = np.array([[1,rho],
[rho,1]])

# arrays for storing prices and variances
S = np.full(shape=(N+1,M), fill_value=S0)
v = np.full(shape=(N+1,M), fill_value=v0)

# sampling correlated brownian motions under risk-neutral measure
Z = np.random.multivariate_normal(mu, cov, (N,M))

for i in range(1,N+1):
S[i] = S[i-1] *  np.exp((r - 0.5*v[i-1])*dt + np.sqrt(v[i-1] * dt) * Z[i-1,:,0])
v[i] = np.maximum(v[i-1] + kappa*(theta-v[i-1])*dt + sigma*np.sqrt(v[i-1]*dt)*Z[i-1,:,1],0)

return S, v

rho_p = 0.98
rho_n = -0.98

S_p,v_p = heston_model_sim(S0, v0, rho_p, kappa, theta, sigma,T, N, M)
S_n,v_n = heston_model_sim(S0, v0, rho_n, kappa, theta, sigma,T, N, M)

fig, (ax1, ax2)  = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12,5))
time = np.linspace(0,T,N+1)
ax1.plot(time,S_p)
ax1.set_title('Heston Model Asset Prices')
ax1.set_xlabel('Time')
ax1.set_ylabel('Asset Prices')

ax2.plot(time,v_p)
ax2.set_title('Volatility Monte Carlo Simulation')
ax2.set_xlabel('Time')
ax2.set_ylabel('Variance')

plt.show()
# simulate gbm process at time T
gbm = S0*np.exp( (r - theta**2/2)*T + np.sqrt(theta)*np.sqrt(T)*np.random.normal(0,1,M) )

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

ax = sns.kdeplot(S_p[-1], label=r"$$\rho= 0.98$$", ax=ax)
ax = sns.kdeplot(S_n[-1], label=r"$$\rho= -0.98$$", ax=ax)
ax = sns.kdeplot(gbm, label="GBM", ax=ax)

plt.title(r'Asset Price Density under Heston Model')
plt.xlim([0.5, 1.5])
plt.xlabel('$$S_T$$')
plt.ylabel('Density')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

rho = -0.7
S,v = heston_model_sim(S0, v0, rho, kappa, theta, sigma,T, N, M)

# Set strikes and complete MC option price for different strikes

K = np.arange(0.1,1.6,0.1)

calls = np.array([np.exp(-r*T)*np.mean(np.maximum(S-k,0)) for k in K])

call_ivs = implied_vol(calls, S0, K, T, r, flag='c', q=0, return_as='numpy', on_error='ignore')

plt.plot(K, call_ivs, label=r'Call')

plt.ylabel('Implied Volatility')
plt.xlabel('Strike')

plt.title('Implied Volatility Smile from Heston Model')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

• Thanks very very much Pleb, I resolve my problem! Can I ask you to take a look at the Euler discretization code too? i just didn't understand how to set it up in python. thank you so much! May 31 at 19:55
• quant.stackexchange.com/questions/71024/… May 31 at 20:00