I've googled and read many articles about "ROIC" and "Invested Capital", but I'm still confused about how to calculate them.
The best explanation I've seen so far is:
- Invested Capital (from CFI)
- Invested Capital Formula (from EDUCBA)
- Invested Capital Formula (from WallStreetMojo)
There are at least two ways to calculate "Invested Capital":
- financing approach: $Invested Capital = Total Debt \& Leases + Total Equity \& Equity Equivalents + NonOperating Cash \& Investments$
- operating approach: $Invested Capital = Net Working Capital + PP\&E + Goodwill \& Intangibles$
I've tried to apply those approaches to AAPL's 2022 fiscal report (SEC Form 10-K).
Financial approach:
A) Commercial paper: 9,982
B) Term debt (Current liabilities): 11,128
C) Term debt (Non-current liabilities): 98,959
D) Total shareholders’ equity: 50,672
E) Cash used in investing activities: (22,354)
F) Cash used in financing activities: (110,749)
Invested Capital = A+B+C+D+E+F = 37,638
operating approach:
A) Total current assets: 135,405
B) Total current liabilities: 153,982
C) Property, plant and equipment, net: 42,117
D) Goodwill & Intangibles: N/A
Invested Capital = A-B+C+D = 23,540
The results from the two approaches are not equal.
Questions
- Did I calculate them wrong?
- Are the results from the two approaches always equal to each other?
- If false, how to choose which approach is for ROIC?
- Can I apply the financial approach to all companies with just those 6 values/facts, and calculate and compare the ROIC for different companies?