Questions tagged [diversification]

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1 vote
0 answers
63 views

Naive Diversification under mean variance

I'm looking for a way to introduce naive diversification bias in a mean variance framework and had the idea to model it as some sort of "aversion to extreme portfolio weights" of the ...
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7 votes
1 answer
674 views

Proving diversification return is always nonnegative

The "diversification return" of a portfolio is the difference between the geometric average (compound) return of a rebalanced portfolio and the weighted sum of the geometric average returns ...
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1 vote
1 answer
108 views

Literature about optimal number of stocks in a diversified portfolio

Is there any recent paper on how many assets one should consider for portfolio optimization techniques? I found: – https://www.jstor.org/stable/2330969?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents – https://...
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0 votes
0 answers
76 views

Why "hedging motives" and "heterogeneous preferences" are explanation for "under diversification puzzle"?

Han et al. 2021 documented something relating to the "under diversification puzzle": Standard explanations for under diversification include hedging motives and heterogeneous preferences, ...
1 vote
0 answers
115 views

Herfindahl-Hirsch-Index for FX Portfolios

Assume we have an FX portfolio with $n$ currency pairs, such that $w_i$ is the weight of currency pair $i \in \{1, \dots, n\}$ in the portfolio, and $\sum_{i=1}^n w_i = 1$. All pairs have USD as one ...
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-4 votes
1 answer
99 views

How to choose a stock? [closed]

So far, I have only been working on systems that track numerous stocks and evaluate which present the best opportunities at a given time. I have grown curious about building a day-trading system that ...
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2 votes
0 answers
59 views

Do options have diversification benefit?

Imagine the universe where we have one investable volatile asset but with an available liquid options chain for it. The question: can a portfolio consisted of this asset, and some options have any ...
0 votes
0 answers
91 views

How to calculate if a portfolio has diversification

I writing a paper and wanted to know the best way, method or theory to know if a portfolio is diversified. To give you some context, I wanted to know if whether putting Bitcoin into a portfolio with ...
0 votes
1 answer
44 views

Do equity mutual funds typically have industry-level diversification constraints? [closed]

For instance, are there limits to how concentrated a portfolio in terms of industry allocation? If so, where can I find such information about the constraints each fund has?
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2 votes
1 answer
312 views

Which portfolio is more "diversified": the $\frac{1}{N}$, the MDP or the max decorrelation?

Equally-weighted portfolio: weights each asset the same $w_i = 1/N$ Maximum diversification portfolio: maximizes the ratio, $\frac{w' \sigma}{\sqrt{w' \Sigma w}}$ Maximum decorrelation portfolio: ...
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2 votes
1 answer
335 views

Non-linear correlation (co-dependence) and the efficient frontier

The graph below shows how the efficient frontier for 2 assets bends into a sharp bisection as correlation decreases from $1$ to $-1$, with $\rho=-1$ being the most diversified, and highly unattainable ...
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1 vote
1 answer
91 views

Why is standard error used to show diversification effect for unsystematic risk?

quite long text incoming, sorry for that: While reading a corporate finance textbook, i came across a section describing the effect of diversification as well as the systematic and unsystematic risk. ...
0 votes
2 answers
986 views

How can beta be negative? [closed]

I've been reading about the security market line and the definition of beta as $$\beta_i = \frac{Cov(R_i, R_m)}{Var(R_m)} $$ for any asset (doesn't have to be an efficient portfolio), and have read ...
1 vote
1 answer
234 views

Total portfolio VaR greater than aggregated individual VaRs

I am facing something weird in a simulation. I have calculated a portfolio VaR: 100\$. Then I aggregated the VaR for individual position (loans) and obtain: 98\$. I thought it was not possible for the ...
2 votes
1 answer
78 views

Is there a sound logic for buying a portfolio of call options in the same ratio as you would buy the underlying shares?

Suppose I believe it would be profitable to build an investment portfolio by investing, say, USD 30,000 in stocks in the following ratio: 30% in shares of CompanyA, 30% in CompanyB and 40% in CompanyC....
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3 votes
1 answer
397 views

how to construct a diversified portfolio based on correlation

I have a porfolio of indexes and I built up a python model based on spearman correlation (I used a spearman and not a pearson because, after running some test on outliers and normality ...
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1 vote
0 answers
110 views

Can simple risk management outperform portfolio optimization like this, or is there most likely an error?

I am using a simulation approach to compare the performances achievable by simple risk management and portfolio optimization for portfolio selection. My problem is that my results indicate that simple ...
0 votes
0 answers
33 views

Is time diversification effective?

If the returns are log-normal, how do I find the probability of negative returns, since log can only take positive values as an argument. Also, for time = more than 1 year, how do I find the ...
1 vote
2 answers
108 views

Formula for underdiversification

I'm trying to develop a study which links a person's demographic and social characteristics to a tendency to under diversify their portfolio. So far I was accounting for risk aversion and just going ...
2 votes
1 answer
123 views

Maximum Diversification Strategy without risk free asset

I am currently dealing with the Maximum Diversification Strategy and I am trying to understand the synthetic universe approach from Choueifaty et al.(https://www.tobam.fr/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/...
3 votes
1 answer
256 views

Which Maximum Diversification Approach in MATLAB is correct?

I am currently trying to find the portfolio weights of the Maximum Diversification Portfolio and found two approaches which result in different outcomes. The first one is based on this paper:https://...
4 votes
0 answers
182 views

Is Ledoit-Wolf Shrinkage with a Constant Correlation Prior Reasonable for a Stock/Bond Mix?

I've been looking into Ledoit-Wolf shrinkage but I've found the papers concentrate on large numbers of assets that tend to all be highly correlated. Often a universe of large cap stocks. I'm ...
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1 vote
0 answers
279 views

Magnitude of the Diversification Ratio

How would I interpret the magnitude of the Diversification ratio? I know that the higher the number, the better, but is 1.1 massively different that 1.2? For example a sharpe ratio of 0.25 is ...
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4 votes
1 answer
542 views

Portfolio Allocation given Sharpe Ratio

If there are two portfolios with sharpe ratios of 1.2 and 0.5, what would be the allocation rationale. If the correlation between portfolios is: $a. 0 $ $b. 0.8 $ $c.-0.8 $ I see there is a ...
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16 votes
2 answers
7k views

Intuitive Explanation for Shannon's Demon?

I am reading Fortune's Formula by William Poundstone, and I am puzzled by a phenomenon called "Shannon's Demon", which Claude Shannon allegedly proposed in a series of lectures, and preserved only by ...
0 votes
1 answer
180 views

Is it better to express a currency position through multiple pairs?

I use a trend-following approach where I look for trends in various currency pairs such as GBP/USD or EUR/USD and then take a position in the Spot currency. I measure the performance of my strategy by ...
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1 vote
0 answers
212 views

Zero-beta assets and the Sharpe-Lintner CAPM

I'm reading The Capital Asset Pricing Model: Theory and Evidence (Fama and French, 2004) and came across the following statement: "A risky asset’s return is uncorrelated with the market return—its ...
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2 votes
1 answer
89 views

Decreasing dependence during the financial crisis?

In "Is the Potential for International Diversification Disappearing? A Dynamic Copula Approach" by Christoffersen et al. (2012), the authors present the concept of Conditional Diversification Benefit ...
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2 votes
0 answers
44 views

$0$-beta stock and diversification

If we invest $w$ in the market portfolio and $1 - w$ in the risk-free asset, and observe a $0$-beta asset with expected return greater than the return on the risk-free asset, how can this be used in ...
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1 vote
1 answer
76 views

How to measure if investors are diversified in a stock market?

My question is related to this question but it is not the same. Consider the US stock market. How can I tell if people trading in this market hold properly diversified portfolios? Is there some ...
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1 vote
2 answers
292 views

Value-at-Risk "hiding risk in the tail" and diversification?

I have a question regarding Value-at-Risk and diversification? When one says that VaR "hides the risk in the tail", does one mean that if we for instance look at VaR at level p=0.05 say, we might get ...
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1 vote
5 answers
449 views

What can I use to measure of diversification?

I have to come up with a measure of diversification for trade (this can tie in closely to diversification as regards portfolios). Are there any well known measures of portfolio diversification?
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2 votes
1 answer
62 views

Can adding an uncorrelated high vol strategy to a low vol portfolio result in a portfolio with even lower volatility?

Let's say I have fund A with 20% annualized volatility and portfolio B with 15% annualized volatility. If A and B have 0 correlation, can the combination of these funds have volatility < 15% ? Are ...
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1 vote
1 answer
155 views

Risk minimization by investing in all assets with positive expected return

Suppose I have an amount $T$ to invest and $N$ available assets. The stochastic return per invested unit of asset $i$ is $R_i$. The variance and the expectation of $R_i$ are $\sigma^2_i$ and $\...
3 votes
2 answers
530 views

Why does it "say" portfolio diversification not suitable during market turmoil?

Currently I am trying to get a hold of MPT, asset allocation and related applications. While reading a particular resource, it says diversification works best for "normal" financial markets and ...
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6 votes
1 answer
1k views

Is there any open-source library, implementing "exchange" to be used for algorithms running on the same computer?

Question: Is there any open-source project/library, which can act as a "local exchange" for agents (algorithms), running on the same computer? Clarification: by "local exchange" I mean, that the ...
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1 vote
1 answer
5k views

How to adjust local currency returns to US$/EUR return?

Iam doing research on return characteristics. As of today the scope of the research has changed from a local investor point of view to an international investor point of view. This basically means ...
1 vote
0 answers
502 views

Call options portfolio: what would the underlyings' moments to be maximized?

Let you have only three underlyings, like SPY, TLT and GLD, and you want to buy $n_{1}$ Call options on SPY, $n_{2}$ Call options on TLT and $n_{3}$ Call options on GLD... with a limited budget, that ...
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3 votes
1 answer
314 views

Is this comment right about subadditivity?

I found this comment in a book I bought about risk management: Risk Management in Banking by Joel Bessis. This is the well-known rule that states that the sum of individual risks is less than the ...
9 votes
2 answers
228 views

St Petersburg lottery pricing & short investing horizons

I am a statistician (no solid background in finance). Please forward me to a book \ chapter \ paper to resolve the following general question. Suppose we have a stock with the following monthly return ...
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8 votes
3 answers
426 views

age-sensitive correlation measurements in finances

When it comes to comparing returns or prices of instruments like stocks/ETFs, are there any well-established formulas, or ones in common use, that place stronger emphasis on recent correlations more ...
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4 votes
4 answers
849 views

portfolio diversification tester

Are there any online tools (optionally with developer API, to spare me the scraping) that given an existing portfolio, calculate how well a new candidate position would score to increase combined ...
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7 votes
1 answer
3k views

How to simulate correlated assets for illustrating portfolio diversification?

I have seen multiple instances where people try to explain the diversification effects of having assets with a certain level of correlation, especially in the "most diversified portfolio" literature. ...
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7 votes
3 answers
518 views

Should the average investor hold commodities as part of a broadly diversified portfolio?

Many mutual funds sell "asset allocation" products which include appropriately sized investments in a variety of asset classes meant for a prototypical investor. Some of these, such as PIMCO, even ...
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18 votes
3 answers
6k views

How do I find the most diversified portfolio, or least correlated subset, of stocks?

I have a trading system that chooses top 10 stocks in Nasdaq 100 ranked on relative strength and some other factors. However, I'd like to take positions in only 5 of these 10 stocks based on how ...
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20 votes
3 answers
2k views

How does one analyze diversification if stock prices follow a Cauchy distribution?

How does diversification actually lead to less variance in a portfolio? I'm looking for a formal reason why this is the case. There are a number of explanations I have been able to find, but they make ...
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5 votes
0 answers
215 views

Benefits of Diversification and Rebalancing with negatively skewed leptokurtic return distribution?

I am missing tools to investigate this issue. I am trying to solve this question here. What kind of issues should you acknowledge over the naive diversification/rebalancing with normal distribution? ...
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