Questions tagged [stochastic-calculus]
A branch of mathematics that operates on stochastic processes.
1
vote
1answer
27 views
Why the variance of a process is $\left( \frac{dS_T^2}{dt}\right)^2$?
Consider an Ito process $dS_t = f(t,S_t) dt + g(t,S_t)dW_t $
What is the reason that we can compute the variance as:
$\sqrt{VaR(S_t)} = \frac{(dS_t)^2}{dt}$
2
votes
1answer
56 views
What is the easiest way to learn Option pricing with PDE?
I was reading about Ito's formula and Girsanov theorem, but I am still struggling to grasp how in reality these are combined to compute the price of an option. What are the main source to understand ...
0
votes
0answers
63 views
Term structure equation in the Vasicek model
Consider the SDE $$dr_t = (b-ar_t)dt +\sigma dW_t, \text{with } a; b > 0.$$ Let $$F(t; r) = E(\exp(-\int_{t}^{T}r_sds)| r_t = r).$$ (F can be interpreted as price of a zero coupon bond with ...
1
vote
0answers
61 views
Valuation of Callable Bonds
Is there any way to price American Callable Bonds (those which can be called on any date before expiration) other than basic CRR interest rate trees, since they won't be accurate enough to give ...
1
vote
0answers
24 views
Stochastic process with determinstic frequency of regime changes
Suppose that I have an OU process. For instance, assume that I want to model the interest rates. Suppose that regime change is known ex ante, and is deterministic in terms of frequency (For instance, ...
0
votes
0answers
46 views
Option when underlying follows an ornstein-uhlenbeck process, or something else
I hope this is not a too basic question, but I am fiddling around a bit with option pricing. I have seen option pricing when the underlying in the most common settings, and the process seems fairly ...
0
votes
0answers
26 views
Filtrations and the different “kinds” of pre-knowledge
I am searching for a reference I think I saw in a book by either Shreve or Oskendahl. I am struggling with a theoretical question.
As I recall how it was posed, the idea of no prior information (or ...
0
votes
1answer
34 views
Stochastic solution (mean, variance) to lognormal drift and normal volatility
I have trouble deriving the state equations for a mixture of normal/lognormal stochastic differential, namely for its
a) expected mean, (b) variance, and (c) drift adjustment for LMM - libor model
I ...
5
votes
1answer
99 views
Expected value of exponential of hitting time of GBM
We have a stopping time
$$
\tau=\inf\{t\geq 0: S_0e^{\sigma B_t+(r-\sigma^2/2)t}=S^* \}
$$
where $S_0,\sigma,r,S^*$ are constants and $S^*<S_0$, and $B_t$ is a brownian motion. I wish to compute ...
1
vote
0answers
30 views
Log Contract payoff function
I can’t get where Dr. Rouah gets payoff function of log contract. Could you please take a look at that?
https://frouah.com/finance%20notes/Variance%20Swap.pdf
It’s on page 2, section 3. I couldn’t ...
4
votes
1answer
405 views
Ito`s Lemma problem
Can someone help me with calculus for this problem.
I have these 3 equations and with Ito`s Lemma I have to find $dXt$.
\begin{cases} dY= μYdt+σYdB
\\ X=\frac{1}{2}cY\\ dc =-aαcdt\end{cases}
1
vote
1answer
61 views
Problem finding correct SDE for Stochastic Process
I am really struggling to come up with the correct SDE for the stochastic process:
$Y(t) = a[Z(t)]^2$
where $Z(t)$ is a Brownian Motion. According to my Prof, the SDE is:
$dY(t) = adt + 2aZ(t)dZt $...
2
votes
0answers
36 views
How does this transformation for Euler Scheme in mean reverting SDEs alleviate instability?
I saw this text in the book - Interest Rate Modelling by Andersen volume 1 on Page 112:
I am unable to understand:
How does instability arise when we use the Euler scheme on X(t)?
What change does ...
1
vote
0answers
39 views
Unconditional Expectation vs. Conditional Expectation at time $0$
In most mathematical finance books I have read (all of them actually), the expectation, with respect to the sigma algebra at time $0$, $\mathcal F_0$, is considered the same as the unconditional ...
3
votes
1answer
147 views
Dependence of implied volatility on spot-vol correlation
I have the following general SV model:
$$
dS = \sigma S dW_S
$$
$$
d\sigma = a(\sigma,t) dt + b (\sigma, t) dW_\sigma
$$
$$
dW_S dW_\sigma = \rho dt
$$
where $a , b$ are deterministic functions of $\...
1
vote
0answers
67 views
The conditional expectation of a geometric brownian motion
In this question it states that
$$\mathbb{E}[e^{\sigma(W_t-W_s)}|\mathcal{F}_s] = \mathbb{E}[e^{\sigma(W_t-W_s)}],$$
and I assume that $0 \leq s \leq t$.
The accepted answer states that this step is ...
1
vote
0answers
47 views
Self financing strategy and repo rate
I was wondering how to adjust the self financing condition when cash borrowing cas be secured by the stock.
Suppose the risk-free money account is $B_t$ and there is a risky asset $S_t$. One have ...
3
votes
4answers
370 views
Log of square of Geometric Brownian Motion
Which of the two calculations below, is wrong?
Why?
$dF = \sigma F dW$
First:
$dF^2 = (F^2)' dF + \frac{1}{2}(F^2)''dF.dF$
$dF^2 = 2F dF + dF.dF$
$dF^2 = 2 \sigma F^2 dW + \sigma^2 F^2 dt$
$\...
2
votes
0answers
52 views
Novikov condition for Vasicek process
Suppose that we have a money account $S^{(0)}$ with dynamics
\begin{align}
dS^{(0)}_{t} = r_{t} S^{(0)}_{t}\, dt,
\end{align}
where
\begin{align}
dr_t = a(b-r_t)\, dt + \sigma_{r} \, dW_t^{(0)}.
\...
1
vote
0answers
51 views
Simulation of Stochastic Volatility with Correlated Jumps (SVCJ) price paths
I am trying to simulate price paths for Monte Carlo option pricing of the Stochastic Volatility with correlated jumps model as presented in Dufffie et al.(2000), Eraker et. al. (2003) and Eraker (2004)...
3
votes
1answer
183 views
Question on Gÿongy' lemma proof
I have some questions regarding a proof of Gÿongy's lemma given in 1
I would like to understand the following passage:
$$
\int_{s=t_0}^{s=t}\mathbb{E}\left[\delta(X_s-K)\langle dX_s\rangle^2 \right]=
...
0
votes
1answer
137 views
When $E[f(\alpha,X)] = f(\alpha, E[X])$
When $E[f(\alpha,X)] = f(\alpha,E[X])$, where $f$ is some convex function of the first and second variables, except when the first variable takes the value $\alpha$ in which case the equality holds, ...
3
votes
2answers
123 views
Find the brownian motion associated to a linear combination of dependant brownian motions
I have $N$ correlated standard one-dimensional Brownian motions $W_1,\ldots,W_N$ with correlation matrix $\rho$ and I consider the process $Z_t \equiv \sum_{i=1}^N \mu_i (t) W_t$ where the $\mu_i$ are ...
3
votes
1answer
73 views
Derivation and expectation interchange
I would like to know when it is allowed to interchange derivation and expectation.
Suppose $X$ is some r.v whose dynamic is controlled by some parameter $\sigma$ and suppose $h$ is some smooth ...
2
votes
1answer
117 views
Solution to a Geometric Ornstein Uhlenbeck Process $dX_t = \kappa(\theta - X_t)dt + \sigma X_t dW_t$
I've been searching for the solution to the modified Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process
\begin{equation*}
dX_t = \kappa(\theta - X_t)dt + \sigma X_t dW_t
\end{equation*}
but it surprisingly hard to find. The ...
1
vote
0answers
36 views
Milstein discretization of the CIR process
Given the CIR process $\ dX_t = (a − bX_t ) dt +
\sigma \sqrt{X_t}dW_t$ - I want to show that its Milstein scheme is $\ X_{i+1} - X_i = ((a − bX_i) - 0.25\sigma^2)\Delta + \sigma\sqrt{X_i}\sqrt{\...
2
votes
0answers
44 views
Ito Diffusion with Change of Measure
Let $(X_t)$ be an Ito diffusion with speed $(V_t)$, under a probability measure P. Could there exist a change of measure to a probability measure Q, with Q ~ P, under which $(X_t)$ is an Ito diffusion ...
4
votes
0answers
74 views
Feynman-Kac to derive stochastic representation
$u_t + \frac{1}{2}\sigma^2x^2u_{xx} - \alpha + \lambda((K_d - x)^+ - u) = 0$ with terminal condition $u(T, X) = (K_m - X(T))^+$
$dX = \sigma X(t)dW_t$
$\alpha$ and $\lambda$ are constants
Ok so ...
1
vote
0answers
55 views
Change of measure from physical to risk-neutral under Radon-Nikodym and Girsanov Theorem
Given a stochastic process, how do we prove and generate the change-of-measure?
I have been trying to prove the change-of-measure as under the Radon-Nikodym theorem and Girsanov Theorem, but ...
2
votes
0answers
64 views
For an Ito Process, $d\ln{X} \neq \frac{dX}{X}$ and $(d\ln{X})^2 = (\frac{dX}{X})^2$, but $d\ln{X} \neq \pm \frac{dX}{X}$
In normal calculus we can write $d\ln{x} = \frac{dx}{x}$ since there is no quadratic variation to deal with. This isn't true for stochastic processes, and Ito's Lemma is used to calculate $d\ln{X}$. ...
1
vote
0answers
58 views
Proving Flow Property of Stochastic Differential Equation
I am trying to show that $X_t^{s,x} = X_t^{r, X_r^{s,x}}$ for $0 \leq s \leq r \leq t$, $x \in \mathbb{R}^n$ is a given initial condition for time $s$, for some SDE:
\begin{equation*}
d X(u)=b(X(u))d ...
2
votes
1answer
64 views
If S(t) is geometric Brownian motion, what is the distribution of S(t+h)-S(t)?
Suppose we have a geometric Brownian $S(t)$ which follows a lognormal process. Say
$$
\begin{equation}
dS_t = \mu S_t dt + \sigma S_tdW_t
\end{equation}
$$
My question is what is the distribution of $...
1
vote
2answers
100 views
How to numerically simulate exponential stochastic integral
For example given an integral
$$
\int^t_0 \exp(aW(t'))\,dt', t\in\mathbb R_+
$$
where $W(t')$ is a standard Wiener process.
I've been very confused about stochastic integrals like $\int^t_0 W(t')\,...
2
votes
0answers
69 views
SDE of futures price under non-constant interest rate and volatility process
I'm trying to figure out the form of the SDE of futures price under the risk neutral measure, when stock price follows GBM:
&...
1
vote
0answers
103 views
On quadratic covariation
I ran through an equality in a paper I was reading but couldn't check if it is correct.
Let $W^1_t$, $W^2_t$ and $W^3_t$ be three brownian motions, not necessarily independent, is it true that the ...
3
votes
1answer
107 views
HJM model Baxter Rennie: differentiating the discounted asset price using Ito
From Baxter and Rennie Page 145:
$Z(t,T) = exp(\int_{0}^{t}\Sigma(s,T)dW_s - \int_{0}^{T}f(o,u)du - \int_{0}^{t}\int_{s}^{T}\alpha(s,u)duds)$
where $\Sigma(t,T) = \int_{t}^{T}\sigma(t,u)du$
How ...
3
votes
1answer
149 views
Differential of integral of Wiener process over time
I am trying to compute this quantity:
$\frac{d}{dt}\int_{0}^{t} W_s ds $
Where $W_t$ is a Wiener process. Is there a theorem which tells how this can be computed?
I have tried https://en.wikipedia....
3
votes
1answer
125 views
Bayes Theorem with change of measure
Tomas bjork- arbitrage theory in continuous time.
Appendix B, proposition B41 says:
The proof is not clear to me.
Thanks to Gordon's comment below of $E^Q (X/G)$ being $G$ measurable, I think the ...
2
votes
1answer
179 views
How to compute the dynamic of stock using Geometric Brownian Motion?
I have been given the following question:
Given that $S_t$ follows Geometric Brownian Motion, write down the dynamic of $S_t$ and then compute the dynamic of $f(t,S_t) = e^{tS^{2}}$
For the first ...
2
votes
4answers
176 views
Basic book on stochastic calculus, Itô and jump processes and Brownian Motion
I was looking for a good book that explains at beginner-level the basic of stochastic calculus, probability and random variables, Itô and jump processes as well as Brownian Motion.
At university we ...
6
votes
0answers
105 views
Random variable minus Integral of Ito Generator is a Martingale under what conditions?
I am reading about american option pricing and the variational inequality, and the book I am reading states, in the derivation of the variational inequality, the following is a martingale: $$M_s = U(s,...
0
votes
1answer
148 views
Why don't I get this right $\frac{d}{dt}\mathop{\mathbb{E}}\left[ e^{-\int_t^Tr(s)ds}|\mathscr{F}_t \right]$
Let $r$ a random process defined by :
$$dr_t=\theta(t)dt + \sigma dW_t$$
$\theta$ is deterministic in $t$ and $W$ a brownian motion.
I don't know where my calculation below is going wrong :
Let $...
1
vote
0answers
99 views
Ultra Powerfull Vibrato Montecarlo for delta sensitivities of a not regular payoff
Ciao,
I am working on a derivative with the following payoff at time $T$:
$$
\sqrt{(S_T - K)^+}
$$
where $S_T$ is the value of the stock at the expiring date.
As usual we will assume $S_t$ to be a ...
1
vote
0answers
64 views
kolmogorov backward equation intuition
The kolmogorov backward equation equation states that the probability density of a random variable $x$ which follows $dx= \mu dt + \sigma dw$
is given by
$-p_t = \mu p_x + 0.5\sigma^2 p_{xx} $
...
20
votes
1answer
463 views
What is the trickiest thing to get right in Rates Quant recently (2019)?
What are the biggest challenges for Rates Quants in 2019? Most quants have been through a lot over the past years-shifting their SABR models in JPY swaptions, fixing the FVA models for negative rates, ...
3
votes
2answers
74 views
Conditional Expectation with Indicator Functions for Poisson Process First Jump Time (Option Pricing PDE)
This is supposed to be for the derivation of a PDE for pricing a specific type of option, from the book 'Nonlinear Option Pricing' (Guyon).
The option delivers $g(\tau, X_{\tau})$ at time $\tau$ if $\...
0
votes
1answer
176 views
negative values in geometric brownian motion
A GBM
$ \frac{dx}{x} = \mu dx + \sigma dW $
solves to
$x_t = x_o e^{(\mu - \sigma^2)t + \sigma W_t}$
From the solution, it is clear that $x_t$ cannot become negative. However, it is not so clear ...
3
votes
1answer
103 views
Limits of integration when applying stochastic Fubini theorem to Brownian motion
I'm looking at the solution below from Quantuple, it's a nice, succinct solution but I'm confused about how the limits of the integrals in the second line come from. Could someone please elaborate on ...
3
votes
0answers
63 views
Stochastic Differential equation: CAPM
Let $R=(R_1, \dots ,R_M)$′ denote a vector of excess returns of M assets observed at $n$ time points, $0<t_1<t_2< \cdots <t_n<T$, within a time span $T>0$.
We wish to explain the ...
2
votes
0answers
79 views
Pre-requisites for Finance Mathematics
I would like to pursue research in the areas of Financial Mathematics. Hoping to look into Operations Research, Risk Management and Stochastic Modeling. Anyone got some suggestions on useful resources ...
