Questions tagged [stochastic-calculus]

A branch of mathematics that operates on stochastic processes.

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Integral of Brownian motion w.r.t. time

Let $$X_t = \int_0^t W_s \,\mathrm d s$$ where $W_s$ is our usual Brownian motion. My questions are the following: Expectation? Variance? Is it a martingale? Is it an Ito process or a Riemann ...
Toofreak's user avatar
  • 761
6 votes
1 answer
5k views

Extended Hull White Interest Rate Model for Zero Coupon Bond

Let's take the following three SDEs: $$dr=u(r,t)dt + w(r,t)dX$$ $$u(r,t)=a(t)-br$$ $$w(r,t)=c$$ where $b$ and $c$ are constants and $a(t)$ an arbitrary function of time $t$. If Zero Coupon Bond $Z(...
quant1's user avatar
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12 votes
2 answers
6k views

How to use the stock as a numeraire to price a derivative with payoff of the form $(S_T f(S_T))^+$?

I have $\frac{dS_t}{S_t} = rdt + \sigma dW_t$ as usual under the money-market numéraire and I need to price options with payoffs $$(S_T f(S_T))^+$$ How do I express the stock dynamics using the ...
jojo's user avatar
  • 121
9 votes
2 answers
2k views

Ho and lee derivation for short rates model

A silly question that is bugging me. I am working my way through Baxter and Rennie (again) and I am getting my wires crossed on the short rate models in particular the straight forward Ho and Lee ...
Chinny84's user avatar
  • 274
3 votes
1 answer
417 views

The most general conditions under which Ito lemma holds

Prompted by a question that came up in the comments here, namely why we can apply the Ito lemma to a function of the form $f(x)=(x-K)^{+}$, I would be interested in knowing what are the least ...
fwd_T's user avatar
  • 747
30 votes
4 answers
10k views

What is a stationary process?

How do you explain what a stationary process is? In the first place, what is meant by process, and then what does the process have to be like so it can be called stationary?
user40's user avatar
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15 votes
6 answers
8k views

Self-financing and Black-Scholes-Merton formula

Self-financing is an important concept in financial product replicating, normally used in pricing. I read about several ways to derive Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) formula. Seems some approaches ...
athos's user avatar
  • 2,231
8 votes
3 answers
9k views

Variance of time integral of squared Brownian motion

I want to calculate the variance of $$I = \int_0^t W_s^2 ds$$ I was thinking I could define the function $f(t,W_t) = tW_t^2$ and then apply Ito's lemma so I get $$f(t,W_t)-f(0,0) = \int_0^t \frac{\...
termachine's user avatar
1 vote
1 answer
906 views

Illustrating the change of measure in Black-Scholes-Merton

Say that we have the following environment: \begin{align} dS_t &= \mu S_t dt + \sigma S_t dZ_t \\ dB_t &= r B_t dt \end{align} where $S_t$ is the price of a stock, $B_t$ is the price of ...
Stéphane's user avatar
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13 votes
2 answers
7k views

Distribution of stochastic integral

Suppose that $f(t)$ is a deterministic square integrable function. I want to show $$\int_{0}^{t}f(\tau)dW_{\tau}\sim N(0,\int_{0}^{t}|f(\tau)|^{2}d\tau)$$. I want to know if the following approach is ...
Kian's user avatar
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8 votes
2 answers
986 views

close form for stochastic integral

I am new to stochastic calculus. Can I know how to compute the close-form solution for $$\int_0^t \exp(\alpha s - \sigma W_s) \; ds$$ and $$\int_0^t \exp(\alpha s - \sigma W_s) \; dW_s.$$ I encounter ...
Boon Teik Ooi's user avatar
7 votes
1 answer
7k views

Girsanov Theorem for Quanto/Compo adjustment

Assume that I have a foreign asset $$Y_t = Y_0 \exp \left((r_f-\frac{1}{2}\sigma^2_Y)t+\sigma_Y W_t^1\right)$$ and an exchange rate $$X_t = X_0 \exp\left((r_d-r_f-\frac{1}{2}\sigma^2_X)t+\sigma_X ...
Jim's user avatar
  • 309
17 votes
9 answers
10k views

Why the expected return rate of a stock has nothing to do with its option price?

OK, I admit that this is a frequently asked question. But I couldn't find a satisfying answer after I read the explanations of books, went through the derivations of B-S formula, and searched answers ...
Allanqunzi's user avatar
12 votes
3 answers
8k views

What is the mean and the standard deviation for Geometric Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Process?

I am uncertain as to how to calculate the mean and variance of the following Geometric Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. $$d X(t) = a ( L - X_t ) dt + V X_t dW_t$$ Is anyone able to calculate the mean ...
user3554's user avatar
  • 121
11 votes
2 answers
756 views

Solve the following SDE: $\mathrm{d}X_t = a(b-X_t) \,\mathrm{d}t + c X_t \, \mathrm{d}W_t$

Let $\mathrm{d}X_t = a(b-X_t) \,\mathrm{d}t + c X_t \, \mathrm{d}W_t$ be a stochastic differential equation where $a$, $b$, and $c$ are positive constants, so I tried to solve it but I got stuck in ...
Blg Khalil's user avatar
11 votes
2 answers
4k views

FX forward with stochastic interest rates pricing

I would like to extend the following question about FX Forward rates in stochastic interest rate setup: "Expectation" of a FX Forward We consider a FX process $X_t = X_0 \exp( \int_0^t(r^...
Joe's user avatar
  • 301
9 votes
1 answer
582 views

Prove $E_{\mathbb Q}[X_t | \mathscr F_u] = X_u$ given $Y_t$ is a martingale

Edit years later: No idea why I'm upvoted. I actually am not sure how I'm correct. But maybe I haven't forgotten conditional expectation as much as I thought I have. We are given a filtered ...
BCLC's user avatar
  • 921
8 votes
2 answers
5k views

Derivation of Ito's Lemma

My question is rather intuitive than formal and circles around the derivation of Ito's Lemma. I have seen in a variety of textbooks that by applying Ito's Lemma, one can derive the exact solution of a ...
gu7z's user avatar
  • 275
8 votes
1 answer
2k views

Multi Fractals Models

From a quant point of view, how would you explain Multi Fractals Models in few words ? I have the level to take these courses, but won't be able to do it next year, so I want to know what I am missing....
Lucas Morin's user avatar
7 votes
1 answer
6k views

Can I always use quadratic variation to calculate variance?

Suppose we have a Brownian Motion $BM(\mu,\sigma)$ defined as $X_t=X_0 + \mu ds + \sigma dW_t$ The quadratic variation of $X_t$ can be calculated as $dX_t dX_t = \sigma^2 dW_tdW_t = \sigma^2 dt$ ...
Pandaaaaaaa's user avatar
6 votes
1 answer
581 views

Solving $dX_{t} = \mu X_{t} dt + \sigma dW_{t}$

I want to solve the following SDE: $$ dX_{t} = \mu X_{t} dt + \sigma dW_{t} \quad X_{0} = x_{0}$$ Integrating, I get: $$ X_{t} - x_{0}= \mu \int_{0}^{t} X_{s} ds + \sigma \int_{0}^{T} dW_{t} $$ $$ ...
the_src_dude's user avatar
5 votes
2 answers
2k views

Uniqueness of equivalent martingale measure in Black Scholes-Model

Let's consider standard Black-Scholes model with price process $S_t$ satisfying SDE $$dS_t = S_t(bdt + \sigma dB_t)$$, where $B_t$ is standard Brownian Motion for probability $\mathbb{P}$. I ...
Adam's user avatar
  • 53
4 votes
2 answers
675 views

Ito lemma of Convertible Bond under Two-factor Model Interest Rate

@Behrouz Maleki has provided the PDE of two factor model in other post so could anyone please provide Ito lemma of this equation and how this PDE was derived from Vasicek model. as far as I know it ...
Fad F's user avatar
  • 61
3 votes
2 answers
893 views

Dumb question: is risk-neutral pricing taking conditional expectation?

Dumb question: is risk-neutral pricing taking conditional expectation? $\tag{1}$ In trying to recall intuition for risk-neutral pricing, I think I read that we should price derivatives risk-neutrally ...
BCLC's user avatar
  • 921
2 votes
3 answers
2k views

Ito Integral of functions of Brownian motion

How does one show that: $$ \mathbb{E}\left[ \int f(W_s)dWs \right] = 0 $$ For all $f()$ that are powers of $W(s)$?? I assume that one would have to go via the definition of Ito integral and express ...
Jan Stuller's user avatar
  • 6,118
1 vote
1 answer
929 views

FX Rate dynamics

Let's suppose USD/EUR price in USD follows a GBM with $$ dS_t = rS_tdt + \sigma S_tdW_t $$ What process does EUR/USD follow in EUR?
neticin's user avatar
  • 365
1 vote
1 answer
957 views

What is the link between the SDF in the Black-Scholes-Merton model and the exponential process in Girsanov's theorem?

Question I have been toying around to get some understanding of what the stochastic discount factor look likes in Black-Scholes-Merton and how it relates to the exponential process in Girsanov's ...
Stéphane's user avatar
  • 2,476
28 votes
2 answers
48k views

Worked examples of applying Ito's lemma

In most textbooks Ito's lemma is derived (on different levels of technicality depending on the intended audience) and then only the classic examples of Geometric Brownian motion and the Black-Scholes ...
vonjd's user avatar
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22 votes
1 answer
2k views

What is the trickiest thing to get right in Rates Quant recently (2019)?

What are the biggest challenges for Rates Quants in 2019? Most quants have been through a lot over the past years-shifting their SABR models in JPY swaptions, fixing the FVA models for negative rates, ...
NBF's user avatar
  • 1,068
18 votes
8 answers
9k views

Geometric Brownian motion - Volatility Interpretation (in the drift term)

A Geometric Brownian motion satisfying the SDE $dS_t = rS_t dt+\sigma S_t dW_t$ has the analytic solution $$S_t = S_0\exp\left\{\left(r-\frac{\sigma^2}{2}\right)t\right\}\exp\{\sigma W_t\}$$ Recently ...
Phil-ZXX's user avatar
  • 1,022
15 votes
1 answer
3k views

Girsanov Theorem and Quadratic Variation

Girsanov theorem seems to have many different forms. I've got a problem matching the form in wiki to the one in Shreve's book, due to the difficulty of quadratic variation calculation. Below is the ...
athos's user avatar
  • 2,231
15 votes
2 answers
19k views

Why is this stochastic integral a martingale?

Suppose that: $W^*_t$ is a Wiener process under probability measure $\mathbb{P}^*$ and; $\tilde{S}_t=S_0+\sigma\int_{0}^{t}S(u)dW^*_s$. In my lecture notes, it says that $\tilde{S}_t$ is a ...
Kian's user avatar
  • 830
14 votes
3 answers
8k views

How does one go from measure P to Q(risk-neutral) when modeling an asset paying dividends?

I am really having a terrible time applying Girsanov's theorem to go from the real-world measure $P$ to the risk-neutral measure $Q$. I want to determine the payoff of a derivative based an asset ...
John Tyree's user avatar
11 votes
5 answers
4k views

Free or Relatively Less Pricey Quant Finance courses online

I am trying to figure out what all online Quant Finance courses are out there which are free or relatively less pricey? CQF is not less pricey Financial Engineering course on Coursera - Not so great ...
10 votes
1 answer
1k views

Given $\mathbb Q$ and $X_t$ is $\mathbb Q$-Brownian, find $\frac{d\mathbb Q}{d\mathbb P}$ / Uniqueness of Brownian or Radon-Nikodym derivative

The problem: Let $T >0$, and let $(\Omega, \mathscr F, \{ \mathscr F_t \}_{t \in [0,T]}, \mathbb P)$ be a filtered probability space where $\mathscr F_t = \mathscr F_t^W$ where $W = \{W_t\}_{t \in ...
BCLC's user avatar
  • 921
10 votes
2 answers
3k views

Heston stochastic volatility, Girsanov theorem

How can we apply Girsanov's theorem to a stochastic volatility model? In Heston's model the dynamics are given by \begin{align*} dS_t &= \mu S_t dt + \sqrt{v_t}S_t d\widehat{W}^\mathbb{P}_{1,t}, ...
quantmath's user avatar
  • 151
10 votes
5 answers
1k views

How to compute $E[W(T)\exp(W(T)]$

I have got this interview question twice. Does anyone know from which interview question book or another source this question comes from? It may be some well known source as two different interviewers ...
Joanna's user avatar
  • 863
9 votes
2 answers
1k views

How we can derive the PIDE of double exponential jump-diffusion model (Kou model)?

I'm working in double exponential jump-diffusion model known as the Kou model with following form, under the physical probability measure $P$. $$ ‎\frac{dS(t)}{S(t-)}=\mu‎‏ ‎dt+\sigma ‎dW(‎t)+d(\sum_{...
pual ambagher's user avatar
8 votes
1 answer
1k views

Girsanov's Theorem - Change of Measure

I have trouble understanding Girsanov's theorem. The Radon Nikodym process $Z$ is defined by: $$Z(t)=\exp\left(-\int_0^t\phi(u) \, \mathrm dW(u) - \int_0^t\frac{\phi^2(u)}{2} \, \mathrm du\right)$$ ...
user3001408's user avatar
8 votes
1 answer
688 views

How were these SDE derived?

Can anyone give me a detailed explanation of how below equations (3) and (4) are derived from (1) and (2)? \begin{align*} \frac{dF_{t,T}}{F_{t,T}} &=\sigma e^{-\lambda(T-t)}dB_t, \tag{1}\\ \ln(F_{...
snowave's user avatar
  • 191
8 votes
2 answers
880 views

Anticipating stochastic integral $\int_0^T W_T dW_t$

Using basic techniques from Malliavin calculus it can be shown that $$ \int_0^T W_T dW_t = W_T^2 - T $$ As can be seen the above integral is a non-adapted stochastic integral. We also know using Ito ...
user avatar
8 votes
2 answers
2k views

Malliavin Calculus

From a quant point of view, how would you explain Malliavin calculus in few words ? I have the level to take these courses, but won't be able to do it next year, so I want to know what I am missing. ...
Lucas Morin's user avatar
7 votes
1 answer
1k views

generalized black scholes

I understand how to derive the black scholes solution if $dS_t$ = $\mu S_tdt$ + $\sigma S_tdW_t$ and r is constant. The solution is c(t, x) = $xN(d_{+}(T - t), x))$ - K$e^{-r(T - t)}N(d\_(T - t), x))$ ...
user7348's user avatar
  • 298
7 votes
2 answers
1k views

Radon Nikodym derivative when changing numeraires

I note from Wikipedia that if $Q$ and $Q^N$ are two measures corresponding to numeraires $M$ and $N$, then the Radon Nikodym derivative is given by: $$\frac{dQ^N}{dQ} = \frac{M(0)}{M(T)}\frac{N(T)}{N(...
Bravo's user avatar
  • 671
7 votes
1 answer
729 views

Baxter & Rennie HJM: differentiating Ito integral

From Baxter and Rennie, page 138: $$f(t,T)=\sigma W_t+f(0,T)+\int_0^t\alpha(s,T)ds$$ $$Z_t=\exp-\bigg(\sigma(T-t)W_t+\sigma\int_0^tW_sds+\int_0^Tf(0,u)du+\int_0^t\int_s^T\alpha(s,u)ds\bigg)$$ $$dZ_t=...
none's user avatar
  • 365
7 votes
1 answer
10k views

Correlation coeffitiont between two stochastic processes

I want to find correlation coeffitiont between $W_t$ and $\int_{0}^{t}W_s ds$. I think that these are uncorrelated. But Why? So thanks
user22715's user avatar
  • 165
6 votes
1 answer
975 views

Distribution of time integral of Brownian motion squared (where the Brownian motion occurs in square root time)?

Let $I_t = \int_0^t W_{\sqrt{u}}^2du$. What is the distribution of $I$? If I recall correctly, if the Brownian motion were instead $W_u$, then it would be $I_t \sim N\left(\frac{t^2}{2},\frac{t^4}{3}\...
Radon1337's user avatar
6 votes
1 answer
313 views

Application of Vibrato Montecarlo methods

Ciao, I was studying Vibrato Montecarlo methods and I came up with a very simple question: what is an real application of this method? Let me explain. In short the main idea of the method is the ...
clarkmaio's user avatar
  • 455
6 votes
1 answer
313 views

Derivation of the Stochastic Vol PDE

I'm trying to follow the derivation of the stochastic vol pde for an option price - as given in Gatheral (The vol surface), Wilmott on Quant Finance and many other places. As usual one starts off with ...
AUK1939's user avatar
  • 205
6 votes
2 answers
750 views

Using Black-Scholes to price a geometric average price call

Sorry if this is the wrong exchange for this question. It seems to be the most relevant, anyway. I'm trying to learn and understand the Black-Scholes framework, with a focus on the stochastic ...
nomen's user avatar
  • 193