# Tag Info

Accepted

### Variance replication using options

Let $t_0, t_1, \ldots, t_n$ be observation dates, where $0=t_0 < \cdots < t_n = T$, and $\{S_t \mid t \geq 0\}$ be the equity price process without dividend payments. Then the realized variance ...
• 20.4k

### Value of Call Option as Volatility goes to Infinity

The value of a call option does not go to infinity as the volatility goes to infinity. It tends to the discounted value of the forward $F=S_0 e^{(r-q)T}$, which when the dividend yield is zero, ...
• 2,069
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• 3,826
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### Estimate Beta of CAPM from Implied Volatility?

Yes it is a better way. Just take a look to figure 3, from Buss and Vilkov (2012, RFS):
• 6,850
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### Option Price vs. Implied Volatility

I think it's interesting to look at this problem graphically also. I get a different answer, depending on whether the option is ITM, ATM, or OTM. In the plot below, all options have 1-year expiry, ...
• 5,106
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### Why linear interpolation not appropriate for volatility surface construction?

Note that total implied variance defined as $$V(T,K) = T\Sigma(T,K)^2$$ should be an increasing function of $T$. Otherwise you have a calendar arbitrage (sell the call with shorter expiry and ...
• 3,826
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### SSR definition in Bergomi in relation to sticky strike and sticky delta

Some Notations It's easy to get lost so let's introduce some notations and let $$\sigma : (t, S, K, \tau) \to \sigma(K,\tau; S, t)$$ denote the implied volatility smile prevailing at time $t$ ...
• 13.8k
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### Bergomi: Skew arbitrage

Great question. Let me try to provide some insights and thoughts regarding the points and questions you raised. It may not be a full answer but hopefully it will help connecting the contents in the ...
• 721
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### How to exploit calendar arbitrage?

The answer by @HenriK is certainly correct. However, for justification, technique such as the Jensen inequality is needed. For example, since $x^+$ is a convex function, assuming zero interest and ...
• 20.4k
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### Why is realized volatility typically lower than implied volatility?

Consider what happens when IV is lower than realised vol. The person long the IV would make money. So there would ideally be no one selling IV if it's lower than realised vol on an average. Next if ...
• 757

### Forward implied volatility

From an equities perspective, there are two concepts that should not be confused in my opinion and context should make the distinction self-explicit: Forward variance swap volatility (A) Forward ...
• 13.8k
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### For pricing, what types of Exotic Options are suitable using Local Volatility Model or a Stochastic Volatility Model?

Whenever you use any model to price anything, all you need to do is make sure you model the underlying dynamics that the product you're pricing actually depends on. Any product will be dependent on ...
• 2,406

### What is a regime switch?

Regime switching is another way to describe structural changes in a data series. For example, an inflation timeseries may change states from ARMA to linear as the economy moves from a period of ...
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### Why is there greater demand for OTM and ITM options than for ATM options?

Either you or some reference you are following is in error here. At-the-money (or at least near-the-money) options are the most liquidly traded. And trading is much more heavy in out-of-the-money ...
• 1,865

### Implied Volatility of stock on Think or Swim

What they gave you is Newton's formula. If you have a function $f(x)$ then you can find the value $x_0$ such that $f(x_0) = 0$ by this method. It uses the derivative $f'$ which in your case is the ...
• 13.3k
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### Why a calendar spread is a preferred strategy in a low volatility period

The main thing to keep in mind with all these different option combination strategies is that you are really trading option greeks! I think the answer to why the calender spread is so popular lies in ...
• 26.9k
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### How to approximate the time to mean reversion for implied volatility

A very popular choice for mean reversion is the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process (here in discretized form): $$L_{t+1}-L_t=\alpha(L^*-L_t)+\sigma\epsilon_t$$ Here you see that the level change is governed ...
• 26.9k
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### Delta Hedging with fixed Implied Volatility or floating Implied Volatility?

Generally speaking, in the real world, you'd always want to use the correct implied vol. But you should think of your question in terms of: (1) Vega mark-to-market (m2m) PnL vs. theta/gamma profile (...
• 705
Accepted

### What is implied volatility?

In practice, an implied volatility always refers to the volatility that you need to plug into the Black-Scholes', or Black's, pricing formula to obtain the market price. You may have a different model ...
• 20.4k
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### What is a regime switch?

The idea of regime switching in volatility is rooted in the observation that volatility is usually fairly consistent and "mild", and occasionally very high, say during a market crash. The concept goes ...
• 288