I have a simple question.
Is the Black-Scholes Formula convex with respect to Implied volatility parameter $\sigma$ (for calls or put) ?
When I say Black-Scholes I mean for a call the following one (on Forward price $F_t$):
$$Call (F_T, K, \sigma^2) = F_t.N(d_1) - K.e^{-r.(T-t)}.N(d_2)$$
$$d_1=\frac{Ln(F_t/K)+1/2.\sigma^2.(T-t)}{\sigma.\sqrt{T-t}}$$ $$d_2=d_1 - \sigma.\sqrt{T-t}$$
and for a put
$$Put (F_T, K, \sigma^2) = K.e^{-r.(T-t)}.(N(-d_2))-F_t.(N(-d_1)) $$